Pentaaza macrocyclic ring complexes possessing oral bioavailability

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to compounds which have enhanced oral bioavailability. A transition metal complex includes a transition metal coordinated by a macrocycle comprising the pentaaza 15-membered macrocyclic ring corresponding to Formula A and two axial ligands having the formula —OC(O)X 1 . 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             each of the two axial ligands has the formula —OC(═O)X 1  wherein each X 1  is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or —C(—X 2 )(—X 3 )(—X 4 ); 
             each X 2  is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; 
             each X 3  is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, amino, —X 5 C(═O)R 13  where X 5  is NH or O, and R 13  is C 1 -C 18  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C 1 -C 18  aralkyl, or —OR 14 , where R 14  is C 1 -C 18  alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C 1 -C 18  aralkyl, or together with X 4  is (═O); and 
             each X 4  is independently hydrogen or together with X 3  is (═O).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority as a continuation of Ser. No.15/751,495, filed on Feb. 9, 2018, which claims priority as a 371national phase application of PCT/US2016/046599, filed on Aug. 11, 2016,which claims priority to provisional application 62/203,761, filed onAug. 11, 2015, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference intheir entireties herein.

The present disclosure generally relates to transition metal pentaaza15-membered macrocyclic ring complexes which have improved properties,including significant oral bioavailability.

Transition metal pentaaza 15-membered macrocyclic ring complexes havingthe macrocyclic ring system corresponding to Formula A have been shownto be effective in a number of animal and cell models of human disease,as well as in treatment of conditions afflicting human patients.

For example, in a rodent model of colitis, one such compound, GC4403,has been reported when administered by intraperitoneal (ip) injection tosignificantly reduce the injury to the colon of rats subjected to anexperimental model of colitis (see Cuzzocrea et al., Europ. J.Pharmacol., 432, 79-89 (2001)).

GC4403 administered ip has also been reported to attenuate the radiationdamage arising both in a clinically relevant hamster model of acute,radiation-induced oral mucositis (Murphy et al., Clin. Can. Res.,14(13), 4292 (2008)), and lethal total body irradiation of adult mice(Thompson et al., Free Radical Res., 44(5), 529-40 (2010)). Similarly,another such compound, GC4419, administered ip has been shown toattenuate VEGFr inhibitor-induced pulmonary disease in a rat model(Tuder, et al., Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 29, 88-97 (2003)), andto increase the anti-tumor activity of anti-metabolite and anti-mitoticagents in mouse cancer models (see, e.g., WO2009/143454). Additionally,another such compound, GC4401, administered ip has been shown to provideprotective effects in animal models of septic shock (S. Cuzzocrea, et.al., Crit. Care Med., 32(1), 157 (2004) and pancreatitis (S. Cuzzocrea,et. al., Shock, 22(3), 254-61 (2004)).

Certain of these compounds have also been shown to possess potentanti-inflammatory activity and prevent oxidative damage in vivo. Forexample, GC4403 administered ip has been reported to inhibitinflammation in a rat model of inflammation (Salvemini, et. al.,Science, 286, 304 (1999)), and prevent joint disease in a rat model ofcollagen-induced arthritis (Salvemini et al., Arthritis & Rheumatism,44(12), 2009-2021 (2001)). In addition, these compounds have beenreported to possess analgesic activity and to reduce inflammation andedema in the rat-paw carrageenan hyperalgesia model, see, e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 6,180,620.

Compounds of this class have also been shown to be safe and effective inthe prevention and treatment of disease in human subjects. For example,GC4419 administered by intravenous (iv) infusion has been shown toreduce oral mucositis in head-and-neck cancer patients undergoingchemoradiation therapy (Anderson, C., Phase 1 Trial of SuperoxideDismutase (SOD) Mimetic GC4419 to Reduce Chemoradiotherapy (CRT)-InducedMucositis (OM) in Patients (pts) with Mouth or Oropharyngeal Carcinoma(OCC), Oral Mucositis Research Workshop, MASCC/ISOO Annual Meeting onSupportive Care in Cancer, Copenhagen, Denmark (Jun. 25, 2015)).

In each of these compounds comprising the pentaaza 15-memberedmacrocyclic ring of Formula A, the five nitrogens contained in themacrocyclic ring each form a coordinate covalent bond with the manganese(or other transition metal coordinated by the macrocycle) at the centerof the molecule. Additionally, manganese (or other appropriatetransition metal coordinated with the macrocycle) forms coordinatecovalent bonds with “axial ligands” in positions perpendicular to theroughly planar macrocycle. Such coordinate covalent bonds arecharacterized by an available “free” electron pair on a ligand forming abond to a transition metal via donation and sharing of the electron pairthus forming a two-electron bond between the metal and the donor atom ofthe ligand (Cotton, F. A. & G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry,Chapter 5, “Coordination Compounds”, 2^(nd) revised edn., IntersciencePublishers, p. 139 (1966); IUPAC Gold Book, online versionhttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C01329.html). The coordinate covalent natureof the bonds between manganese (or other such appropriate transitionmetal) and the five macrocyclic ring nitrogens and between manganese (orother such transition metal) and each of the two chloro axial ligands isevidenced, for example, by the “single crystal” X-ray crystal structureof GC4403 (FIG. 11) and GC4419 (FIG. 12).

Coordination compounds contrast with ionic compounds, for example,salts, where in the solid state the forces between anions and cationsare strictly coulombic electrostatic forces of attraction between ionsof opposite charge. Thus, in salts, discrete cations and anions providethe force to maintain the solid state structure; e.g., such as thechloride ion and the sodium ion in a typical salt such as sodiumchloride (Cotton, F. A. & G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry,Chapter 5, “The Nature of Ionic Substances”, 2^(nd) revised edn.,Interscience Publishers, pp. 35-36, 45-49 (1966).

Although pentaaza 15-membered macrocyclic ring complexes have beendisclosed in the literature for a number of indications, the complexesdisclosed to-date have limited oral availability (substantially lessthan 5% when dosed as an aqueous solution, with somewhat greater, thoughstill insufficient, bioavailability when dosed in appropriate oil-basedformulations; see, e.g., Table 1). In general, drug absorption from thegastrointestinal tract occurs via passive uptake so that absorption isfavored when the drug is in a non-ionized (neutral) and lipophilic form.See, e.g., Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics, Ninth Edition, p. 5-9 (1996). Without wishing to belimited to any particular theory, this is presently also believed to bethe case for this class of compounds, as exemplified by GC4419, wherethe axial ligands are both chloro moieties forming a coordinate covalentbond to the manganese and a neutral complex results:

It is also understood that good water solubility can aid in the rate ofuptake of the drug, as well as the overall bioavailability (Goodman &Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ninth Edition, p. 5(1996)). GC4419 and its structural analogues are all relatively readilysoluble in water, but may not, however, remain in the neutralnon-ionized form in water. Rather, when dissolved in water, thecoordinate covalent bonds are cleaved and an aquo axial ligand replacesone or more of the chloro axial ligands, resulting in monocationic ordicationic complexes, as illustrated in Scheme 1, with the cationiccompounds expected to be less able to cross the intestinal barrier thanthe neutral complex.

Among the various aspects of the present disclosure, therefore, is theprovision of transition metal complexes of pentaaza macrocyclic ringligands comprising the 15-membered macrocyclic ring of Formula A thatcan be administered to a subject via oral and other routes ofadministration, thereby achieving high systemic levels of drug includingby oral dosing. In one presently preferred embodiment, the transitionmetal is manganese.

One aspect of the present disclosure is a transition metal complexcomprising a transition metal coordinated by a macrocycle comprising thepentaaza 15-membered macrocyclic ring corresponding to Formula A and twoaxial ligands having the formula —OC(O)X₁ wherein

-   -   the macrocycle comprises the pentaaza 15-membered ring        corresponding to Formula A and wherein Formula A may be further        substituted, where

-   -   each of the two axial ligands has the formula —OC(O)X₁ wherein    -   each X₁ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or        —C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄),    -   each X₂ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, or        substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   each X₃ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, amino,        —X₅C(O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄,        where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or        C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or together with X₄ is ═O; and    -   each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃ is ═O.

A further aspect of the present disclosure is a manganese complexcomprising Mn²⁺ or Mn³⁺ coordinated by a macrocycle comprising thepentaaza 15-membered macrocyclic ring corresponding to Formula A and twoaxial ligands having the formula —OC(O)X₁ wherein

-   -   each X₁ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or        —C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄);    -   each X₂ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or        substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   each X₃ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, amino,        —X₅C(O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄,        where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or        C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or together with X₄ is ═O; and    -   each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃ is ═O.

A further aspect of the present disclosure is a transition metal complexcomprising a transition metal coordinated by the five ring nitrogenatoms of a macrocycle comprising the fused ring system of Formula B(which optionally may be further substituted as described elsewhereherein) and two axial ligands having the formula —OC(O)X₁ whereinFormula B has the following formula

each X₁ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or—C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄),

-   -   each X₂ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or        substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   each X₃ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, amino,        —X₅C(O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄,        where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or        C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or together with X₄ is ═O; and    -   each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃ is ═O.

A further aspect of the present disclosure is a transition metal complexcomprising Mn²⁺ or Mn³⁺ coordinated by a macrocycle comprising the fusedring system of Formula B (which optionally may be further substituted)and two axial ligands having the formula —OC(O)X₁ wherein

-   -   each X₁ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or        —C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄);    -   each X₂ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or        substituted or unsubstituted alkyl;    -   each X₃ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, amino,        —X₅C(O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl,        substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄,        where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or        C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or together with X₄ is ═O; and    -   each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃ is ═O.

A further aspect of the present disclosure is a transition metal complexcorresponding to Formula (I):

wherein

M is a transition metal (e.g., Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺, Mn⁴⁺, Mn⁶⁺, Mn⁷⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺,Fe⁴⁺, Fe⁶⁺, Ni²⁺, Ni³⁺, Cu¹⁺, Cu²⁺, V²⁺, V³⁺, V⁴⁺, or V⁵⁺);

R_(1A), R_(1B), R_(2A), R_(2B), R_(3A), R_(3B), R_(4A), R_(4B), R_(5A),R_(5B), R_(6A), R_(6B), R_(7A), R_(7B), R_(8A), R_(8B), R_(9A), R_(9B),R_(10A), and R_(10B) are independently:

-   -   (i) hydrogen;    -   (ii) a moiety independently selected from the group consisting        of alkenyl, alkenylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkyl,        alkylcycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, aryl,        cycloalkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcycloalkyl,        cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocyclyl, and aralkyl radicals and        radicals attached to the α-carbon of amino acids (i.e., α-amino        acids); or    -   (iii) a moiety independently selected from the group consisting        of —OR₁₁, —NR₁₁R₁₂, —COR₁₁, —COO₂R₁₁, —CONR₁₁R₁₂, —SR₁₁, —SOR₁₁,        —SO₂R₁₁, —SO₂NR₁₁R₁₂, —N(OR₁₁)(R₁₂), —P(O)(OR₁₁)(OR₁₂),        —P(O)(OR₁₁)(R₁₂), —OP(O)(OR₁₁)(OR₁₂), and substituents attached        to the α-carbon of amino acids (i.e., α-amino acids), wherein        R₁₁ and R₁₂ are independently hydrogen or alkyl; (iv) a member        of a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, partially        saturated, or unsaturated cycle or heterocycle containing 3 to        20 carbon ring atoms comprising        -   (a) R_(1A) or R_(1B) and R_(2A) or R_(2B); R_(3A) or R_(3B)            and R_(4A) or R_(4B); R_(5A) or R_(5B) and R_(6A) or R_(6B);            R_(7A) or R_(7B) and R_(8A) or R_(8B); or R_(9A) or R_(9B)            and R_(10A) or R_(10B), together with the carbon atoms to            which they are respectively attached;        -   (b) R_(10A) or R_(10B) and R_(1A) or R_(1B); R_(2A) or            R_(2B) and R_(3A) or R_(3B); R_(4A) or R_(4B) and R_(5A) or            R_(5B); R_(6A) or R_(6B) and R_(7A) or R_(7B); or R_(8A) or            R_(8B) and R_(9A) or R_(9B) together with the carbon atoms            to which they are respectively attached; or        -   (c) R_(1A) and R_(1B); R_(2A) and R_(2B); R_(3A) and R_(3B);            R_(4A) and R_(4B); R_(5A) and R_(5B); R_(6A) and R_(6B);            R_(7A) and R_(7B); R_(8A) and R_(8B); R_(9A) and R_(9B); or            R_(10A) and R_(10B) together with the carbon atoms to which            they are respectively attached; or    -   (v) a combination of any of (i) through (iv) above;

each X₁ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or—C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄);

each X₂ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl orsubstituted or unsubstituted alkyl;

each X₃ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, amino, —X₅C(O)R₁₃where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or togetherwith X₄ is ═O;

each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃ is ═O; and

the bonds between the transition metal M and the macrocyclic nitrogenatoms and the bonds between the transition metal M and the oxygen atomsof the axial ligands —OC(O)X₁ are coordinate covalent bonds.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is a pentaaza macrocyclic ringcomplex of Formula (I) corresponding to Formulae (ID_(R)) or (ID_(S)):

wherein

-   -   M is Mn⁺² or Mn⁺³;    -   R_(1A), R_(1B), R₂, R₃, R_(4A), R_(4B), R₅, R₆, R_(7A), R_(7B),        R₈, R₉, R_(10A), and R_(10B) are independently hydrogen, methyl,        ethyl, or propyl;    -   W₁, W₂, and W₃ are independently halo or hydrogen;    -   each X₁ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or        —C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄);    -   each X₂ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl,        methyl, ethyl, or propyl;    -   each X₃ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, or        propyl, amino, —X₅C(O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈        alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or        —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted        aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or together with X₄ is ═O;    -   each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃ is ═O; and    -   the bonds between the manganese and the macrocyclic nitrogen        atoms and the bonds between the manganese and the oxygen atoms        of the axial ligands —OC(O)X₁ are coordinate covalent bonds.

Another aspect of the disclosure is a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising any of the aforementioned pentaaza macrocyclic ring complexesand a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient suitable for administration.

Another aspect of the disclosure is a method for dosing a subject with apentaaza macrocyclic ring complex, the method comprising administering apharmaceutical composition comprising any of the aforementioned pentaazamacrocyclic ring complexes to a human subject.

Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointedout hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a series of profile plots of the plasma concentrations of theparent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4419(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs (where all compounds displayed arederivatives of GC4419) by either intravenous (iv) or intraduodenal (id)delivery, with id test articles formulated in Capmul MCM, as describedin the Examples.

FIG. 2 is a series of profile plots of the plasma concentrations of theparent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4419(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs (where all compounds displayed arederivatives of GC4419) by either iv or id delivery, with id testarticles formulated in Peceol, as described in the Examples.

FIG. 3 is a series of profile plots of the plasma concentrations of theparent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4419(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs (where all compounds displayed arederivatives of GC4419) by either iv or id delivery, with id testarticles formulated in Labrafil M2125 CS, as described in the Examples.

FIG. 4 is a series of profile plots of the plasma concentrations of theparent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4419(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs (where all compounds displayed arederivatives of GC4419) by either iv or id delivery, with id test articleformulated in Labrafil M2125 CS, as described in the Examples.

FIG. 5 is a series of profile plots of the plasma concentrations of theparent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4401(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs (where all compounds displayed arederivatives of GC4401) by either iv or id delivery, with id testarticles formulated in Capmul MCM, as described in the Examples.

FIG. 6 is a series of profile plots of the plasma concentrations of theparent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4444(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs (where are compounds displayed arederivatives of GC4444) by either iv or id delivery, with id testarticles formulated in Capmul MCM, as described in the Examples.

FIG. 7 is a series of profile plots of the plasma concentrations of theparent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4419(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs (where all compounds displayed arederivatives of GC4419) by either iv or id delivery, with id testarticles formulated in Capmul MCM, as described in the Examples.

FIG. 8 is a series of profile plots of the plasma concentrations of theparent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4419(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs (where all compounds displayed arederivatives of GC4419) by either iv or id delivery, with id testarticles formulated in Maisine 35-1, as described in the Examples.

FIG. 9 is a series of profile plots of the plasma concentrations of theparent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4403(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs (where all compounds displayed arederivatives of GC4403) by either iv or id delivery, with the id testarticle formulated in Capmul MCM, as described in the Examples.

FIG. 10 is an illustration of a subset of axial ligand structuresproviding enhanced oral bioavailability.

FIG. 11 is an X-ray crystal structure of GC4403 (as reported in Riley etal., Advances in Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 59, pp. 233-263 (2007)).

FIG. 12 is an X-ray crystal structure of GC4419 obtained by themethodology reported in Riley et al., Advances in Inorganic Chemistry,Vol. 59, pp. 233-263 (2007).

ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS

The following definitions and methods are provided to better define thepresent invention and to guide those of ordinary skill in the art in thepractice of the present invention. Unless otherwise noted, terms are tobe understood according to conventional usage by those of ordinary skillin the relevant art.

“Acyl” means a —COR moiety where R is alkyl, haloalkyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl as definedherein, e.g., acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzoyl, and the like.

“Acyloxy” means a —OCOR moiety where R is alkyl, haloalkyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl as definedherein, e.g., acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzoyl, and the like.

“Alkoxy” means a —OR moiety where R is alkyl as defined above, e.g.,methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, or 2-propoxy, n-, iso-, or tert-butoxy, andthe like.

“Alkyl” means a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon moiety such asof one to six carbon atoms, or a branched saturated monovalenthydrocarbon moiety, such as of three to six carbon atoms, e.g., C₁-C₆alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2-propyl, butyl (includingall isomeric forms), pentyl (including all isomeric forms), and thelike.

Moreover, unless otherwise indicated, the term “alkyl” as used herein isintended to include both “unsubstituted alkyls” and “substitutedalkyls,” the latter of which refers to alkyl moieties havingsubstituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of thehydrocarbon backbone. Indeed, unless otherwise indicated, all groupsrecited herein are intended to include both substituted andunsubstituted options.

The term “C_(x-y)” when used in conjunction with a chemical moiety, suchas alkyl and aralkyl, is meant to include groups that contain from x toy carbons in the chain. For example, the term C_(x-y) alkyl refers tosubstituted or unsubstituted saturated hydrocarbon groups, includingstraight chain alkyl and branched chain alkyl groups that contain from xto y carbon atoms in the chain.

“Alkylene” means a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon moiety, such asof one to six carbon atoms, or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbonmoiety, such as of three to six carbon atoms, unless otherwise stated,e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene, 1-methylpropylene,2-methylpropylene, butylene, pentylene, and the like.

“Alkenyl” a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon moiety, such as oftwo to six carbon atoms, or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbonmoiety, such as of three to six carbon atoms, e.g., ethenyl (vinyl),propenyl, 2-propenyl, butenyl (including all isomeric forms), pentenyl(including all isomeric forms), and the like.

“Alkaryl” means a monovalent moiety derived from an aryl moiety byreplacing one or more hydrogen atoms with an alkyl group.

“Alkenylcycloalkenyl” means a monovalent moiety derived from an alkenylmoiety by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with a cycloalkenylgroup.

“Alkenylcycloalkyl” means a monovalent moiety derived from a cycloalkylmoiety by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with an alkenyl group.

“Alkylcycloalkenyl” means a monovalent moiety derived from acycloalkenyl moiety by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with analkyl group.

“Alkylcycloalkyl” means a monovalent moiety derived from a cycloalkylmoiety by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with an alkyl group.

“Alkynyl” means a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon moiety, suchof two to six carbon atoms, or a branched saturated monovalenthydrocarbon moiety, such as of three to six carbon atoms, e.g., ethynyl,propynyl, butynyl, isobutynyl, hexynyl, and the like.

“Alkoxy” means a monovalent moiety derived from an alkyl moiety byreplacing one or more hydrogen atoms with a hydroxy group.

“Amino” means a —NR^(a)R^(b) group where R^(a) and R^(b) areindependently hydrogen, alkyl or aryl.

“Aralkyl” means a monovalent moiety derived from an alkyl moiety byreplacing one or more hydrogen atoms with an aryl group.

“Aryl” means a monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbonmoiety of 6 to 10 ring atoms e.g., phenyl or naphthyl.

“Cycle” means a carbocyclic saturated monovalent hydrocarbon moiety ofthree to ten carbon atoms.

“Cycloalkyl” means a cyclic saturated monovalent hydrocarbon moiety ofthree to ten carbon atoms, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,or cyclohexyl, and the like.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” means a monovalent moiety derived from an alkyl moietyby replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with a cycloalkyl group, e.g.,cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl, orcyclohexylethyl, and the like.

“Cycloalkylcycloalkyl” means a monovalent moiety derived from acycloalkyl moiety by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with acycloalkyl group.

“Cycloalkenyl” means a cyclic monounsaturated monovalent hydrocarbonmoiety of three to ten carbon atoms, e.g., cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl,cyclopentenyl, or cyclohexenyl, and the like.

“Cycloalkenylalkyl” means a monovalent moiety derived from an alkylmoiety by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with a cycloalkenylgroup, e.g., cyclopropenylmethyl, cyclobutenylmethyl,cyclopentenylethyl, or cyclohexenylethyl, and the like.

“Enteric coating layer” comprises one or more enteric polymers and onemore pharmaceutically acceptable excipients comprise but not limited tosustained release agents like ethyl acrylate-methacrylic acid copolymer,ethyl cellulose.

“Ether” means a monovalent moiety derived from an alkyl moiety byreplacing one or more hydrogen atoms with an alkoxy group.

“Halo” means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo, preferably fluoro orchloro.

“Heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl” means a saturated or unsaturatedmonovalent monocyclic group of 4 to 8 ring atoms in which one or tworing atoms are heteroatom selected from N, O, or S(O)_(n), where n is aninteger from 0 to 2, the remaining ring atoms being C. The heterocyclylring is optionally fused to a (one) aryl or heteroaryl ring as definedherein provided the aryl and heteroaryl rings are monocyclic. Theheterocyclyl ring fused to monocyclic aryl or heteroaryl ring is alsoreferred to in this Application as “bicyclic heterocyclyl” ring.Additionally, one or two ring carbon atoms in the heterocyclyl ring canoptionally be replaced by a —CO— group. More specifically the termheterocyclyl includes, but is not limited to, pyrrolidino, piperidino,homopiperidino, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, morpholino,piperazino, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholino, and the like. When theheterocyclyl ring is unsaturated it can contain one or two ring doublebonds provided that the ring is not aromatic. When the heterocyclylgroup is a saturated ring and is not fused to aryl or heteroaryl ring asstated above, it is also referred to herein as saturated monocyclicheterocyclyl.

“Heteroaryl” means a monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic moietyof 5 to 10 ring atoms where one or more, preferably one, two, or three,ring atoms are heteroatom selected from N, O, or S, the remaining ringatoms being carbon. Representative examples include, but are not limitedto, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, furanyl,indolyl, isoindolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl,benzimidazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl,pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, and the like.

“Nitro” means —NO₂.

“Organosulfur” means a monovalent moiety a —SR group where R ishydrogen, alkyl or aryl.

“Substituted alkyl,” “substituted cycle,” “substituted phenyl,”“substituted aryl,” “substituted heterocycle,” and “substituted nitrogenheterocycles” means an alkyl, cycle, aryl, phenyl, heterocycle ornitrogen-containing heterocycle, respectively, optionally substitutedwith one, two, or three substituents, such as those independentlyselected from alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, halo, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl,or organosulfur.

“Thioether” means a monovalent moiety derived from an alkyl moiety byreplacing one or more hydrogen atoms with an —SR group wherein R isalkyl.

As used herein, (i) the compound referred to herein and in the Figuresas compound 401, 4401 or GC4401 is a reference to the same compound,(ii) the compound referred to herein and in the Figures as compound 403,4403 or GC4403 is a reference to the same compound, (iii) the compoundreferred to herein and in the Figures as compound 419, 4419 or GC4419 isa reference to the same compound, and (iv) the compound referred toherein and in the Figures as compound 444, 4444 or GC4444 is a referenceto the same compound.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Aspects of the present disclosure include novel transition metalcomplexes of pentaaza ring macrocycles also possessing axial ligands,that have the capacity, in circulation, to convert to the same speciesas the analogous bis-chloro axial ligand complexes convert to incirculation. The compounds or complexes described herein thus possesssimilar therapeutic efficacy as their bis-chloro analogs but aresignificantly more versatile with respect to routes of administration.Stated differently, the compounds of the disclosure possess enhancedoral bioavailability relative to their bis-chloro analogs and, in someembodiments, further possess other advantageous properties selected fromone or more of improved intestinal permeability, solubility in aqueousand/or oil-based dosage formulations, ease of manufacture, and/orstability.

The present disclosure is directed, therefore, to 15-membered complexesof pentaaza ring macrocycles and Mn(II) (or other transition metal)wherein the non-macrocyclic ring ligands (that is, axial ligands)covalently bonded to the Manganese(II) (or other transition metal) areselected from a group of moieties that result in the complex havingimproved versatility with respect to route of administration, includingoral administration, relative to, for example, the known bis-chlorocomplex. In certain embodiments, for example, the complexes describedherein exhibit increased uptake across the intestinal wall, but remaincapable of losing the axial ligand(s) to water exchange to yield similarspecies in circulation to those obtained with the bis-chloro complexesillustrated in Scheme 1 above. In these and/or other embodiments, forexample, the complexes may also exhibit improved solubility in oil- orwater-based (or other) solvents, as compared to the bis-chlorocomplexes.

In a first aspect, provided is a coordinated metal complex correspondingto Formula (I):

wherein

M is a transition metal (e.g., Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺, Mn⁴⁺, Mn⁶⁺, Mn⁷⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺,Fe⁴⁺, Fe⁶⁺, Ni²⁺, Ni³⁺, Cu¹⁺, Cu²⁺, V²⁺, V³⁺, V⁴⁺, or V⁵⁺);

R_(1A), R_(1B), R_(2A), R_(2B), R_(3A), R_(3B), R_(4A), R_(4B), R_(5A),R_(5B), R_(6A), R_(6B), R_(7A), R_(7B), R_(8A), R_(8B), R_(9A), R_(9B),R_(10A), and R_(10B) are independently:

-   -   (i) hydrogen;    -   (ii) a moiety independently selected from the group consisting        of alkenyl, alkenylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkyl,        alkylcycloalkenyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, aryl,        cycloalkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcycloalkyl,        cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocyclyl, and aralkyl radicals and        radicals attached to the α-carbon of amino acids (i.e., α-amino        acids); or    -   (iii) a moiety independently selected from the group consisting        of —OR₁₁, —NR₁₁R₁₂, —COR₁₁, —CO₂R₁₁, —CONR₁₁R₁₂, —SR₁₁, —SOR₁₁,        —SO₂R₁₁, —SO₂NR₁₁R₁₂, —N(OR₁₁)(R₁₂), —P(═O)(OR₁₁)(OR₁₂),        —P(═O)(OR₁₁)(R₁₂), —OP(═O)(OR₁₁)(OR₁₂), and substituents        attached to the α-carbon of amino acids (i.e., α-amino acids),        wherein R₁₁ and R₁₂ are independently hydrogen or alkyl;    -   (iv) a member of a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated,        partially saturated, or unsaturated cycle or heterocycle        containing 3 to 20 carbon ring atoms comprising        -   (a) R_(1A) or R_(1B) and R_(2A) or R_(2B); R_(3A) or R_(3B)            and R_(4A) or R_(4B); R_(5A) or R_(5B) and R_(6A) or R_(6B);            R_(7A) or R_(7B) and R_(8A) or R_(8B); or R_(9A) or R_(9B)            and R_(10A) or R_(10B) together with the carbon atoms to            which they are respectively attached;        -   (b) R_(10A) or R_(10B) and R_(1A) or R_(1B); R_(2A) or            R_(2B) and R_(3A) or R_(3B); R_(4A) or R_(4B) and R_(5A) or            R_(5B); R_(6A) or R_(6B) and R_(7A) or R_(7B); or R_(8A) or            R_(8B) and R_(9A) or R_(9B) together with the carbon atoms            to which they are respectively attached; or        -   (c) R_(1A) and R_(1B); R_(2A) and R_(2B); R_(3A) and R_(3B);            R_(4A) and R_(4B); R_(5A) and R_(5B); R_(6A) and R_(6B);            R_(7A) and R_(7B); R_(8A) and R_(8B); R_(9A) and R_(9B); or            R_(10A) and R_(10B) together with the carbon atoms to which            they are respectively attached; or    -   (v) a combination of any of (i) through (iv) above;

each X₁ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or—C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄);

each X₂ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl orsubstituted or unsubstituted alkyl;

each X₃ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, amino, —X₅C(═O)R₁₃where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or togetherwith X₄ is (═O);

each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃ is (═O); and

the bonds between the transition metal M and the macrocyclic nitrogenatoms and the bonds between the transition metal M and the oxygen atomsof the axial ligands —OC(═O)X₁ are coordinate covalent bonds.

In a second aspect, this disclosure is directed to pharmaceuticalcompositions and unit dose formulations comprising a compound of Formula(I) (or any of the embodiments thereof described herein) and apharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In one embodiment, thepharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral administration. Inanother embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated forparenteral administration. In another embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is formulated for topical administration. Pharmaceuticalcompositions and unit dose formulations of this second aspect arediscussed in further detail below.

EMBODIMENTS Embodiment (IA)

In embodiment (IA), the pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of Formula (I)corresponds to Formula (IA):

wherein

M is a transition metal (e.g., Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺, Mn⁴⁺, Mn⁶⁺, Mn⁷⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺,Fe⁴⁺, Fe⁶⁺, Ni²⁺, Ni³⁺, Cu¹⁺, Cu²⁺, V²⁺, V³⁺, V⁴⁺, or V⁵⁺);

R_(1A), R_(1B), R₂, R₃, R_(4A), R_(4B), R₅, R₆, R_(7A), R_(7B), R₈, R₉,R_(10A), and R_(10B) are independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl,substituted hydrocarbyl, heterocyclyl, an amino acid side chain moiety,or a moiety independently selected from the group consisting of—OR_(1l), —NR₁₁R₁₂, —COR₁₁, —CO₂R₁₁,

—C(═O)NR₁₁R₁₂, —SR₁₁, —SOR₁₁, —SO₂R₁₁, —SO₂NR₁₁R₁₂,

—N(OR₁₁)(R₁₂),

—P(═O)(OR₁₁)(OR₁₂), —P(═O)(OR₁₁)(R₁₂), and —OP(═O)(OR₁₁)(OR₁₂), whereinR₁₁ and R₁₂ are independently hydrogen or alkyl;

U, together with the adjacent carbon atoms of the macrocycle, forms afused substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, partially saturated orunsaturated, cycle or heterocycle having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms;

V, together with the adjacent carbon atoms of the macrocycle, forms afused substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, partially saturated orunsaturated, cycle or heterocycle having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms;

W, together with the nitrogen of the macrocycle and the carbon atoms ofthe macrocycle to which it is attached, forms an aromatic or alicyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, partially saturated orunsaturated nitrogen-containing fused heterocycle having 2 to 20 ringcarbon atoms, provided that when W is a fused aromatic heterocycle thehydrogen attached to the nitrogen which is both part of the heterocycleand the macrocycle and R₅ and R₆ attached to the carbon atoms which areboth part of the heterocycle and the macrocycle are absent; wherein

each X₁ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or—C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄);

each X₂ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or alkyl;

each X₃ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, amino, —X₅C(═O)R₁₃where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ isC₁-C₁₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, ortogether with X₄ is (═O);

each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃ is (═O); and

the bonds between the transition metal M and the macrocyclic nitrogenatoms and the bonds between the transition metal M and the oxygen atomsof the axial ligands —OC(═O)X₁ are coordinate covalent bonds.

Within embodiment (IA), in one group of compounds, U and V, togetherwith the adjacent carbon atoms of the macrocycle, form a fusedsubstituted or unsubstituted, saturated, cycle or heterocycle having 6ring atoms and R₂, R₃, R₈, and R₉ are hydrogen, and W, together with thenitrogen of the macrocycle and the carbon atoms of the macrocycle towhich it is attached, forms an aromatic or alicyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, saturated, partially saturated or unsaturatednitrogen-containing fused heterocycle having 6 ring atoms, provided thatwhen W is a fused aromatic heterocycle the hydrogen attached to thenitrogen which is both part of the heterocycle and the macrocycle and R₅and R₆ attached to the carbon atoms which are both part of theheterocycle and the macrocycle are absent.

Within embodiment (IA), and groups contained therein, in one group ofcompounds M is Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺, Mn⁴⁺, Mn⁶⁺, Mn⁷⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Fe⁴⁺, or Fe⁶⁺.

Within embodiment (IA), and groups contained therein, in one group ofcompounds X₁ is phenyl. Within embodiment (IA), and groups containedtherein, in one group of compounds X₁ is —C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄) and each X₂,X₃, and X₄, in combination, corresponds to any of the combinationsidentified in the following table:

Combination X₂ X₃ X₄ 1 Ph H H 2 Ph OH H 3 Ph NH₂ H 4 Ph ═O (X₃ and X₄ incombination) 5 Ph CH₃ H 6 CH₃ H H 7 CH₃ OH H 8 CH₃ NH₂ H 9 CH₃ ═O (X₃and X₄ in combination)

Furthermore, within embodiment (IA), and groups contained therein, inone group of compounds X₁ is C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄), and X₃ is —X₅C(═O)R₁₃,such that the combinations of X₂, X₃ and X₄ include any of thecombinations identified in the following table:

Combination X₂ X₃ X₄ 1 Ph NHC(═O)R₁₃ H 2 Ph OC(═O)R₁₃ H 3 CH₃ NHC(═O)R₁₃H 4 CH₃ OC(═O)R₁₃ H

where R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl.

Embodiment (IB)

In embodiment (IB), the pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of Formula (I)corresponds to Formula (IB):

wherein

M is Fe⁺², Fe⁺³, Mn⁺², or Mn⁺³;

R_(1A), R_(1B), R₂, R₃, R_(4A), R_(4B), R₅, R₆, R_(7A), R_(7B), R₈, R₉,R_(10A), and R_(10B) are as defined in connection with embodiment (IA)above;

W₁, W₂, and W₃ are independently halo, hydrogen, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, acyl,acyloxy, alkoxy, an ether, a thioether, or nitro;

each X₁ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or—C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄);

each X₂ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, methyl,ethyl, or propyl;

each X₃ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl,amino, —X₅C(═O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, ortogether with X₄ is (═O);

each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃ is (═O); and

the bonds between the transition metal M and the macrocyclic nitrogenatoms and the bonds between the transition metal M and the oxygen atomsof the axial ligands —OC(═O)X₁ are coordinate covalent bonds.

Within embodiment (IB), when one or more of W₁, W₂, and W₃ aresubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, or alkaryl, thesesubstituents may contain 1 to 20 carbon atoms (preferably 1 to 6 carbonatoms) and may be linear, branched, or cyclic, with one or more hydrogenatoms of the substituted moieties replaced with a different substituentsuch as, for example, —OH, —OR, —C(═O)OH,

—C(═O)NH₂, —NH₂, —NHR, —NRR, —SH, —SR, —SO₂R, —SO₂H, —SOR, heterocyclo,and/or halo (including F, Cl, Br and I), among others, wherein eachoccurrence of R may be substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl.

Within embodiment (IB), and groups contained therein in one group ofcompounds M is Mn⁺² or Mn⁺³. Within embodiment (IB), and groupscontained therein in another group of compounds M is Fe⁺² or Fe⁺³.

Within embodiment (IB), and groups contained therein, in one group ofcompounds X₁ is phenyl. Within embodiment (IB), and groups containedtherein, in one group of compounds X₁ is —C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄) and each X₂,X₃, and X₄, in combination, corresponds to any of the combinationsidentified in the following table:

Combination X₂ X₃ X₄ 1 Ph H H 2 Ph OH H 3 Ph NH₂ H 4 Ph ═O (X₃ and X₄ incombination) 5 Ph CH₃ H 6 CH₃ H H 7 CH₃ OH H 8 CH₃ NH₂ H 9 CH₃ ═O (X₃and X₄ in combination)

Furthermore, within embodiment (IB), and groups contained therein, inone group of compounds X₁ is C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄), and X₃ is —X₅C(O)R₁₃,such that the combinations of X₂, X₃ and X₄ include any of thecombinations identified in the following table:

Combination X₂ X₃ X₄ 1 Ph NHC(═O)R₁₃ H 2 Ph OC(═O)R₁₃ H 3 CH₃ NHC(═O)R₁₃H 4 CH₃ OC(═O)R₁₃ H

where R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl.

Embodiment (IC)

In embodiment (IC), the pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of Formula (I)corresponds to Formulae (IC_(R)) or (IC_(S)):

wherein

M is Fe⁺², Fe⁺³, Mn⁺², or Mn⁺³;

R_(1A), R_(1B), R₂, R₃, R_(4A), R_(4B), R₅, R₆, R_(7A), R_(7B), R₈, R₉,R_(10A), and R_(10B) are independently hydrogen or substituted orunsubstituted alkyl;

W₁, W₂, and W₃ are independently halo or hydrogen;

each X₁ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or—C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄),

each X₂ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, methyl,ethyl, or propyl;

each X₃ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl,amino, —X₅C(═O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, ortogether with X₄ is (═O);

each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃ is (═O); and

the bonds between the transition metal M and the macrocyclic nitrogenatoms and the bonds between the transition metal M and the oxygen atomsof the axial ligands —OC(O)X₁ are coordinate covalent bonds.

Within embodiment (IC), in one group of compounds M is Mn²⁺. Withinembodiment (IC), in another group of compounds M is Mn³⁺.

Within embodiment (IC), and groups contained therein, in one group ofcompounds X₁ is phenyl. Within embodiment (IC), and groups containedtherein, in one group of compounds X₁ is —C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄) and each X₂,X₃, and X₄, in combination, corresponds to any of the combinationsidentified in the following table:

Combination X₂ X₃ X₄ 1 Ph H H 2 Ph OH H 3 Ph NH₂ H 4 Ph ═O (X₃ and X₄ incombination) 5 Ph CH₃ H 6 CH₃ H H 7 CH₃ OH H 8 CH₃ NH₂ H 9 CH₃ ═O (X₃and X₄ in combination)

Furthermore, within embodiment (IC), and groups contained therein, inone group of compounds X₁ is C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄), and X₃ is —X₅C(O)R₁₃,such that the combinations of X₂, X₃ and X₄ include any of thecombinations identified in the following table:

Combination X₂ X₃ X₄ 1 Ph NHC(═O)R₁₃ H 2 Ph OC(═O)R₁₃ H 3 CH₃ NHC(═O)R₁₃H 4 CH₃ OC(═O)R₁₃ H

where R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl.

Embodiment (ID)

In embodiment (ID), the pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of Formula (I)corresponds to Formulae (ID_(R)) or (ID_(S)):

wherein

M is Mn⁺² or Mn⁺³;

R_(1A), R_(1B), R₂, R₃, R_(4A), R_(4B), R₅, R₆, R_(7A), R_(7B), R₈, R₉,R_(10A), and R_(10B) are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, orpropyl;

W₁, W₂, and W₃ are independently halo or hydrogen;

each X₁ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or—C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄),

each X₂ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, methyl,ethyl, or propyl;

each X₃ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl,amino, —X₅C(═O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, ortogether with X₄ is (═O);

each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃ is (═O); and

the bonds between the transition metal M (Mn⁺² or Mn⁺³) and themacrocyclic nitrogen atoms and the bonds between the transition metal Mand the oxygen atoms of the axial ligands —OC(═O)X₁ are coordinatecovalent bonds.

Within embodiment (ID), in one group of compounds M is Mn²⁺. Withinembodiment (ID), in another group of compounds M is Mn³⁺.

Within embodiment (ID), and groups contained therein, in one group ofcompounds R_(1A), R_(1B), R_(4A), R_(4B), R_(7A), R_(7B), R_(10A), andR_(10B) are each hydrogen. Within embodiment (ID), and groups containedtherein, in one group of compounds R_(1B), R_(4A), R_(4B), R_(7A),R_(7B), R_(10A), and R_(10B) are each hydrogen and R_(1A) is methyl.Within embodiment (ID), and groups contained therein, in one group ofcompounds R_(1A), R_(4A), R_(4B), R_(7A), R_(7B), R_(10A), and R_(10B)are each hydrogen and R_(1B) is methyl. Within embodiment (ID), andgroups contained therein, in one group of compounds R_(1A), R_(1B),R_(4B), R_(7A), R_(10A), and R_(10B) are each hydrogen and R_(4A) andR_(7B) are each methyl. Within embodiment (ID), and groups containedtherein, in one group of compounds R_(1A), R_(1B), R_(4A), R_(7B),R_(10A), and R_(10B) are each hydrogen and R_(4B) and R_(7A) are eachmethyl.

Within embodiment (ID), and groups contained therein, in one group ofcompounds X₁ is phenyl. Within embodiment (ID), and groups containedtherein, in one group of compounds X₁ is —C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄) and each X₂,X₃, and X₄, in combination, corresponds to any of the combinationsidentified in the following table:

Combination X₂ X₃ X₄ 1 Ph H H 2 Ph OH H 3 Ph NH₂ H 4 Ph ═O (X₃ and X₄ incombination) 5 Ph CH₃ H 6 CH₃ H H 7 CH₃ OH H 8 CH₃ NH₂ H 9 CH₃ ═O (X₃and X₄ in combination)

Furthermore, within embodiment (ID), and groups contained therein, inone group of compounds X₁ is C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄), and X₃ is —X₅C(O)R₁₃,such that the combinations of X₂, X₃ and X₄ include any of thecombinations identified in the following table:

Combination X₂ X₃ X₄ 1 Ph NHC(═O)R₁₃ H 2 Ph OC(═O)R₁₃ H 3 CH₃ NHC(═O)R₁₃H 4 CH₃ OC(═O)R₁₃ H

where R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl.

Embodiment (IE)

In embodiment (IE), the pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of Formula (I)corresponds to Formulae (IE_(R1)), (IE_(S1)), (IE_(R2)), (IE_(S2)),(IE_(R3)), or (IE_(S3)):

wherein

Mn is Mn⁺² (R) (s) Mn⁺³;

each X₁ is independently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or—C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄),

each X₂ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl,amino, —X₅C(═O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl,substituted or 5 unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, whereR₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈aralkyl, or together with X₄ is (═O);

each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃ is (═O); and

the bonds between the manganese and the macrocyclic nitrogen atoms andthe bonds between the manganese and the oxygen atoms of the axialligands —OC(═O)X₁ are coordinate covalent bonds.

Within embodiment (IE), and groups contained therein, in one group ofcompounds X₁ is phenyl. Within embodiment (IE), and groups containedtherein, in one group of compounds X₁ is —C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄) and each X₂,X₃, and X₄, in combination, corresponds to any of the combinationsidentified in the following table:

Combination X₂ X₃ X₄ 1 Ph H H 2 Ph OH H 3 Ph NH₂ H 4 Ph ═O (X₃ and X₄ incombination) 5 Ph CH₃ H 6 CH₃ H H 7 CH₃ OH H 8 CH₃ NH₂ H 9 CH₃ ═O (X₃and X₄ in combination)

Furthermore, within embodiment (IE), and groups contained therein, inone group of compounds X₁ is C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄), and X₃ is —X₅C(O)R₁₃,such that the combinations of X₂, X₃ and X₄ include any of thecombinations identified in the following table:

Combination X₂ X₃ X₄ 1 Ph NHC(═O)R₁₃ H 2 Ph OC(═O)R₁₃ H 3 CH₃ NHC(═O)R₁₃H 4 CH₃ OC(═O)R₁₃ H

where R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl.

Unit Dose Formulations and Pharmaceutical Compositions

As noted above, a second aspect of the present disclosure relates to theunit dose formulations and pharmaceutical compositions comprising thecompounds described herein, typically together with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier or excipient, and optionally in combination withanother pharmaceutically active compound or compounds. Thepharmaceutical compositions include the pentaaza macrocyclic ringcomplex corresponding to Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereofor other compounds described herein, such as any of the compounds setforth in Table I of the Examples section), typically formulated as apharmaceutical dosage form, optionally in combination with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient. In oneembodiment, for example, the pharmaceutical composition comprises thecompound of Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or othercompounds described herein, such as any of the compounds set forth inTable I of the Examples section) and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier or excipient. Unit dose formulations and pharmaceuticalcompositions according to the present disclosure may be used, forexample, in the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders,cerebrovascular disorders, dermatological disorders, fibrotic disorders,gastrointestinal disorders, immunological disorders, inflammatorydisorders, metabolic disorders, neurological disorders, ophthalmicdisorders, pulmonary disorders, infectious diseases, tissue damage, andcombinations thereof. Particular diseases and conditions includefibrosis, inflammatory diseases and conditions (including, for example,inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, COPD,pancreatitis, and the like), dermatitis, psoriasis, and the like, aswell as for protecting tissue against damage resulting from a cancertreatment or other exposure to radiation, as discussed in further detailbelow.

Formulations containing the compounds may take the form of solid,semi-solid, lyophilized powder, or liquid dosage forms such as, forinstance, aerosols, capsules, creams, emulsions, foams, gels/jellies,injectables, lotions, ointments, pastes, powders, soaps, solutions,sprays, suppositories, suspensions, sustained-release formulations,tablets, tinctures, transdermal patches, and the like, preferably inunit dosage forms suitable for simple administration of precise dosages.If formulated as a fixed dose, such pharmaceutical compositions orformulation products preferably employ the compounds within certaindosage ranges. Depending on the intended mode of administration,therefore, in some embodiments the compositions can be in solid,semi-solid or liquid dosage form, such as, for example, injectables,tablets, pills, time-release capsules, elixirs, tinctures, emulsions,syrups, liquids, suspensions, or the like, sometimes in unit dosages andconsistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices. Likewise, in someembodiments, they can also be administered via intravenous (both bolusand infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, topical, or intramuscularroutes, or other routes described herein, all using forms well known tothose skilled in the pharmaceutical arts.

One particular embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to aunit dose formulation comprising the compound corresponding to Formula(I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or other compounds describedherein, such as any of the compounds set forth in Table I of theExamples section) in an oral dosage form as described herein. Anotherparticular embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a unitdose formulation comprising the compound corresponding to Formula (I)(or any of the embodiments thereof or other compounds described herein,such as any of the compounds set forth in Table I of the Examplessection) in a parenteral dosage form as described herein.

For both oral and non-oral dosage formulations, the above-describedcompounds (or any of the embodiments thereof or other compoundsdescribed herein, such as any of the compounds set forth in Table I ofthe Examples section) may be dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier prior to administration to the mammal. The carrier, also knownin the art as an excipient, vehicle, auxiliary, adjuvant, or diluent, istypically a substance which is pharmaceutically inert, confers asuitable consistency or form to the composition, and does not diminishthe efficacy of the compound. The carrier is generally considered to be“pharmaceutically or pharmacologically acceptable” if it does notproduce an unacceptably adverse, allergic or other untoward reactionwhen administered to a mammal, especially a human.

The selection of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier will also, inpart, be a function of the route of administration. In general, thecompositions of the described herein can be formulated for any route ofadministration so long as the blood circulation system is available viathat route and in accordance with conventional routes of administrationof the component (e.g., the compound). For example, suitable routes ofadministration include, but are not limited to, oral, parenteral (e.g.,intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital,intracapsular, intraspinal, intraperitoneal, or intrasternal), topical(nasal, transdermal, buccal, ophthalmic), intravesical, intrathecal,enteral, pulmonary, intralymphatic, intracavital, vaginal, rectal,transurethral, intradermal, intraocular, aural, intramammary,orthotopic, intratracheal, intralesional, percutaneous, endoscopical,transmucosal, sublingual and intestinal administration. In oneparticularly preferred embodiment, the compound (or a pharmaceuticalcomposition or unit dose formulation including the compound) (e.g.,those corresponding to Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof orother compounds described herein, such as any of the compounds and/orformulations set forth in Table I of the Examples section) is formulatedfor oral administration.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for use in combination with thecompounds and compositions of the present disclosure are well known tothose of ordinary skill in the art and are selected based upon a numberof factors: the particular compound(s) and agent(s) used, and its/theirconcentration, stability and intended bioavailability; safety; thesubject, its age, size and general condition; and the route ofadministration.

Suitable components (e.g., carriers and/or excipients) used informulating solid or semi-solid dosage forms such as tablets, gelatincapsules, or gels/suspensions may include, for example, diluents (suchas water, glycerides, or mixtures thereof, corn oil, olive oil,sunflower oil, safflower oil, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol,sorbitol, cellulose, sodium, saccharin, glucose and/or glycine);lubricants (such as silica, talcum, its magnesium or calcium salt,sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate,sodium acetate, sodium chloride and/or polyethylene glycol); binders(such as magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste, gelatin, tragacanth,methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, magnesium carbonate,natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, naturaland synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, waxesand/or polyvinylpyrrolidone); disintegrants (such as starches, agar,methyl cellulose, bentonite, xanthan gum, or effervescent mixtures;absorbents, colorants, flavorants, and/or sweeteners; and combinationsthereof. Methods of preparing such solid and semi-solid dosage formsusing the active pharmaceutical ingredient and other components are wellknown in the art. For example, compositions in liquid, semi-solid orpaste form can be filled into hard gelatin or soft gelatin capsulesusing appropriate filling machines. Alternatively, the composition canalso be extruded, sprayed, granulated or coated onto a substrate tobecome a powder, granule or bead that can be further encapsulated ortableted with or without the addition of appropriate solidifying orbinding agents. This approach also allows for the creation of a “fusedmixture,” a “solid solution” or a “eutectic mixture.” These and othermethods for making oral formulations can be found, for example, in“Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,” 20^(th) ed. Ed. A. R.Gennaro, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Suitable components (e.g., carriers and/or excipients) used informulating liquid dosage forms, for example, include nonaqueous,pharmaceutically-acceptable polar solvents such as oils, alcohols,amides, esters, ethers, ketones, hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof, aswell as water, saline solutions (e.g., U.S.P. and isotonic sodiumchloride solutions), dextrose solutions (e.g., D5W), electrolytesolutions, or any other aqueous, pharmaceutically acceptable liquid. Incertain preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in theform of an aqueous solution comprising the compound corresponding toFormula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or other compoundsdescribed herein, such as any of the compounds and/or formulations setforth in Table I of the Examples section) and saline (e.g., normalsaline, that is, a sterile solution of 0.9% w/v of NaCl in water). Inthese and other embodiments, for example, the saline is preferably aphysiologically buffered saline solution (i.e., buffered saline). Thebuffering agent may provide suitable buffering capacity around pH 7-8.5,or around pH 7.8, or within the range of pH 7.3-8. The buffering agentis preferably chemically inert and physiologically and pharmaceuticallyacceptable. Exemplary buffers include phosphate-based buffers,carbonate-based buffers, tris-based buffers, amino acid-based buffers(e.g., arginine, lysine, and other natural amino acids), andcitrate-based buffers. Carbonate buffers (such as sodium or calciumcarbonate or bicarbonate buffers) may be particularly useful in someembodiments due to their ready supply, strong buffering capacity, andcompatibility.

One particularly preferred buffering agent is sodium bicarbonate. In onepreferred embodiment, for example, the pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier comprises a buffered saline solution; more preferably in thisembodiment, the buffered saline solution is a bicarbonate-bufferedsaline solution.

In one particular embodiment, the unit dose formulation for oraladministration including the compound (e.g., those corresponding toFormula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or other compoundsdescribed herein, such as any of the compounds and/or formulations setforth in Table I of the Examples section) further comprises at least oneof a lipophilic surfactant and an oil.

Certain suitable lipophilic surfactants and/or oils include mono-, di-and/or tri-glycerides of fatty acids, such as Imwitor 988 (glycerylmono-/di-caprylate), Imwitor 742 (glyceryl mono-di-caprylate/caprate),Imwitor 308 (glyceryl mono-caprylate), Imwitor 191 (glycerylmono-stearate), Softigen 701 (glyceryl mono-/di-ricinoleate), Capmul MCM(glyceryl caprylate/caprate), Capmul MCM(L) (liquid form of Capmul MCM),Capmul GMO (glyceryl mono-oleate), Capmul GDL (glyceryl dilaurate),Maisine (glyceryl mono-linoleate), Peceol (glyceryl mono-oleate),Myverol 18-92 (distilled monoglycerides from sunflower oil) and Myverol18-06 (distilled monoglycerides from hydrogenated soybean oil), PrecirolATO 5 (glyceryl palmitostearate), Gelucire 39/01 (semi-syntheticglycerides, i.e., C12-18 mono-, di- and tri-glycerides) and Miglyol 812N (a mixture of caprylic/capric acid triglycerides); acetic, succinic,lactic, citric and/or tartaric esters of mono- and/or di-glycerides offatty acids, for example, Myvacet 9-45 (distilled acetylatedmonoglycerides), Miglyol 829 (caprylic/capric diglyceryl succinate),Myverol SMG (mono/di-succinylated monoglycerides), Imwitor 370 (glycerylstearate citrate), Imwitor 375 (glyceryl monostearate/citrate/lactate)and Crodatem T22 (diacetyl tartaric esters of monoglycerides); propyleneglycol mono- and/or di-esters of fatty acids, for example, Lauroglycol(propylene glycol monolaurate), Mirpyl (propylene glycol monomyristate),Captex 200 (propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate), Miglyol 840(propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate) and Neobee M-20 (propyleneglycol dicaprylate/dicaprate); polyglycerol esters of fatty acids suchas Plurol oleique (polyglyceryl oleate), Caprol ET (polyglyceryl mixedfatty acids) and Drewpol 10.10.10 (polyglyceryl oleate); castor oilethoxylates of low ethoxylate content (HLB<10) such as Etocas 5 (5 molesof ethylene oxide reacted with 1 mole of castor oil) and Sandoxylate 5(5 moles of ethylene oxide reacted with 1 mole of castor oil; acid andester ethoxylates formed by reacting ethylene oxide with fatty acids orglycerol esters of fatty acids (HLB<10) such as Crodet 04(polyoxyethylene (4) lauric acid), Cithrol 2MS (polyoxyethylene (2)stearic acid), Marlosol 183 (polyoxyethylene (3) stearic acid) andMarlowet G 12DO (glyceryl 12 EO dioleate); sorbitan esters of fattyacids, for example, Span 20 (sorbitan monolaurate), Crill 1 (sorbitanmonolaurate) and Crill 4 (sorbitan mono-oleate); transesterificationproducts of natural or hydrogenated vegetable oil triglyceride and apolyalkylene polyol (HLB<10), e.g., Labrafil M1944CS (polyoxyethylatedapricot kernel oil), Labrafil M2125CS (polyoxyethylated corn oil) andGelucire 37/06 (polyoxyethylated hydrogenated coconut); alcoholethyoxylates (HLB<10), e.g., Volpo N3 (polyoxyethylated (3) oleylether), Brij 93 (polyoxyethylated (2) oleyl ether), Marlowet LA4(polyoxyethylated (4) lauryl ether); and pluronics, for example,Polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene co-polymers and block co-polymers(HLB<10) e.g., Synperonic PE L42 (HLB=8) and Synperonic PE L61 (HLB=3).

In another particular embodiment, the unit dose formulation for oraladministration including the compound (e.g., those corresponding toFormula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or other compoundsdescribed herein, such as any of the compounds and/or formulations setforth in Table I of the Examples section) further comprises a digestibleoil (i.e., an oil that is capable of undergoing de-esterification orhydrolysis in the presence of pancreatic lipase in vivo under normalphysiological conditions). Digestible oils may be glycerol triesters ofmedium chain (C₇-C₁₃) or long chain (C₁₄-C₂₂) fatty acids with lowmolecular weight (up to C₆) mono-, di- or polyhydric alcohols. Suitableexamples of digestible oils include, for example, vegetable oils (e.g.,soybean oil, safflower seed oil, corn oil, olive oil, castor oil,cottonseed oil, arachis oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, palm oil,rapeseed oil, black currant oil, evening primrose oil, grape seed oil,wheat germ oil, sesame oil, avocado oil, almond, borage, peppermint andapricot kernel oils) and animal oils (e.g., fish liver oil, shark oiland mink oil). In certain embodiments, the digestible oil is a vegetableoil, for example, soybean oil, safflower seed oil, corn oil, olive oil,castor oil, cottonseed oil, arachis oil, sunflower seed oil, coconutoil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, evening primrose oil, grape seed oil, wheatgerm oil, sesame oil, avocado oil, almond oil, borage oil, peppermintoil, apricot kernel oil, and combinations thereof.

Where injectable pharmaceutical formulations are employed, they arepreferably sterile. The injectable formulations can be sterilized, forexample, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter or byincorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solidcompositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water orother sterile injectable medium just prior to use. The compositions canbe provided, prepared, stored, or transported in any container suitablefor maintaining sterility. The container can incorporate means fordispensing an aqueous composition such as, for example, a pierceable orremovable seal. The compositions can be dispensed, for example, byextraction with a syringe or by pouring the composition directly into adevice (e.g., a syringe, intravenous (IV) bag, or machine) foradministration to a patient. Other means for providing, preparing,storing, transporting, and dispensing sterile pharmaceuticalcompositions are known to those skilled in the art.

Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients for use in thepharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms described herein are wellknown to those of ordinary skill in the art, and are identified in TheChemotherapy Source Book (Williams & Wilkens Publishing), The Handbookof Pharmaceutical Excipients, (American Pharmaceutical Association,Washington, D.C., and The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain,London, England, 1968), Modern Pharmaceutics, (G. Banker et al., eds.,3d ed.) (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1995), The PharmacologicalBasis of Therapeutics, (Goodman & Gilman, McGraw Hill Publishing),Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, (H. Lieberman et al., eds.) (Marcel Dekker,Inc., New York, N.Y., 1980), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.Gennaro, ed., 19th ed.) (Mack Publishing, Easton, Pa., 1995), The UnitedStates Pharmacopeia 24, The National Formulary 19, (National Publishing,Philadelphia, Pa., 2000), and A. J. Spiegel et al., Use of NonaqueousSolvents in Parenteral Products, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Vol. 52, No. 10, pp. 917-927 (1963).

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition administered tothe subject in accordance with the methods described herein consistsessentially of the compound corresponding to Formula (I) (or any of theembodiments thereof or other compounds described herein, such as any ofthe compounds set forth in Table I of the Examples section) and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In other embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition comprises the compound, a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, and one or more additional pharmaceutically activeagents or compounds. In these embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcompositions described herein are products that result from the mixingor combining of more than one active ingredient and include both fixedand non-fixed combinations of the active ingredients. Fixed combinationsare those in which the active ingredients, e.g., the compound andanother pharmaceutically active agent or compound described herein, areboth administered to a patient simultaneously in the form of a singleentity or dosage. Non-fixed combinations are those in which the activeingredients, e.g., the compound and another pharmaceutically activeagent or compound, are administered to a subject as separate entitieseither simultaneously, concurrently or sequentially with no specificintervening time limits, wherein such administration provides effectivelevels of the two compounds in the body of the patient. The latter alsoapplies to cocktail therapy, e.g., the administration of three or moreactive ingredients.

It is contemplated that co-formulations of the compound (e.g., thosecorresponding to Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or othercompounds described herein, such as any of the compounds set forth inTable I of the Examples section) and one or more additionalpharmaceutically active agents or compounds may employ conventionalformulation techniques for these components individually, or alternativeformulation routes, subject to compatibility and efficacy of the variouscomponents, in combination.

In one embodiment, a compound and/or formulation of the presentdisclosure (including any of the compounds described herein, such as anyof the compounds and/or formulations as set forth in Table I of theExamples section) is formulated for oral administration and theformulation comprises an enteric release layer or composition. Forexample, the oral dosage form may be an enteric coated tablet,multi-particulate or multilayered tablet or capsule; a gelatin, a softgelatin or equivalent thereof; a vinyl or a polyvinyl acetate phthalateor equivalent thereof; an ACRYL-EZE™ SURETERIC™, NUTRATERIC II®.,PHTHALAVIN® (Colorcon, Inc. Harleysville, Pa.); ahydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), a high viscosity grade HPMC, or anultra-high viscosity grade HPMC; a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or aPVP-K90; a cellulose, a microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), amethylcellulose, a hydroxy methylcellulose, a hydroxy propylmethylcellulose (HPMC), or an ethyl cellulose; a copolymer of ethylacrylate, a poly(meth)acrylate, e.g. a methacrylic acid copolymer B, amethyl methacrylate and/or a methacrylic acid ester with quaternaryammonium groups; EUDRAGIT® RL PO™; EUDRAGIT® RL100™ (Evonik IndustriesAG, Essen, Germany).

In one alternative embodiment, a compound and/or formulation of thepresent disclosure (including any of the compounds described herein,such as any of the compounds and/or formulations set forth in Table I ofthe Examples section) is formulated for oral administration and theformulation comprises a coating or otherwise comprises cellulose acetatephthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, polyvinyl acetatephthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, celluloseacetate trimellitate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose succinate, celluloseacetate succinate, cellulose acetate hexahydrophthalate, cellulosepropionate phthalate, cellulose acetate maleate, cellulose acetatebutyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, copolymer of methylmethacrylicacid and methyl methacrylate, copolymer of methyl acrylate,methylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid, copolymer of methylvinyl etherand maleic anhydride, ethylmethyacrylate-methylmethacrylate-chlorotrimethylammonium ethyl acrylatecopolymer, natural resins, zein, shellac, copal collophorium or anacrylic copolymer, or any combination or mixture thereof.

In alternative embodiments, a compound and/or formulation of the presentdisclosure (including any of the compounds described herein, such as anyof the compounds and/or formulations set forth in Table I of theExamples section) is formulated for oral administration and comprises asustained-release coating, and optionally the sustained-release coatingcomprises a wax mixed with a glyceryl monostearate, a stearic acid, apalmitic acid, a glyceryl monopalmitate, a cetyl alcohol, a shellac, azein, an ethylcellulose, an acrylic resin, a cellulose acetate or asilicone elastomer or any combination or mixture thereof.

Methods and Indications

As noted above, in a third aspect the compounds described in connectionwith Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or other compoundsdescribed herein, such as any of the compounds and/or formulations setforth in Table I of the Examples section) can be used for treatingtissue damage and/or a range of diseases and conditions. Treatingdiseases and conditions (including damaged tissue) as described hereinmay generally involve not only inhibiting the disease in a patient thatis experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of thedisease or condition (i.e., arresting further development of thepathology and/or symptomatology), but also ameliorating the disease orcondition in a patient that is experiencing or displaying the pathologyor symptomatology of the disease or condition (i.e., reversing thepathology and/or symptomatology). Treating a human patient for a diseaseor condition as described herein, e.g., tissue damage resulting from theadministration of radiation therapy or chemotherapy, or exposure toradiation, also amounts to the inhibition or prophylaxis of such damagein a patient that is not necessarily experiencing or displaying thepathology or symptomatology of the disease or condition.

The methods of the present disclosure may advantageously be used totreat (e.g., inhibit, ameliorate, or mitigate) a variety of diseases orconditions in a variety of subjects (i.e., patients). The subject maybe, for example, a mammal such as bovine, avian, canine, equine, feline,ovine, porcine, or primate (including humans and non-human primates). Asubject may also include mammals of importance due to being endangered,or economic importance, such as animals raised on farms for consumptionby humans, or animals of social importance to humans such as animalskept as pets or in zoos. Examples of such animals include but are notlimited to: cats, dogs, swine, ruminants or ungulates such as cattle,oxen, sheep, giraffes, deer, goats, bison, camels or horses. In oneembodiment, the subject is bovine, avian, canine, equine, feline, ovine,porcine, or non-human primate. In one preferred embodiment, the subjectis a human patient.

Treatment of Tissue Damage

In accordance with one embodiment of the third aspect of the presentdisclosure, methods are described herein for treating tissue damageresulting from a cancer treatment (e.g., radiation therapy orchemotherapy) delivered to a subject in need thereof. In accordance withanother embodiment, methods are described herein for treating a humanpatient for tissue damage resulting from exposure to radiation. Thus, invarious embodiments for example, the exposure to radiation in variousembodiments may be an accidental radiation exposure, an unintentionalradiation exposure, or an intentional radiation exposure. As notedabove, treatment of tissue damage as described herein may include bothinhibition (i.e., prophylaxis) and amelioration of any tissue damagethat may result from an occurrence or activity. In general, the methodsinvolve administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amountof a compound described herein (e.g., those corresponding to Formula (I)(or any of the embodiments thereof or other compounds described herein,such as any of the compounds and/or formulations set forth in Table I ofthe Examples section).

Treatment of tissue damage resulting from a cancer treatment or otherradiation exposure in accordance with the methods described hereininvolves the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of thecompound described herein (e.g., those corresponding to Formula (I) (orany of the embodiments thereof or other compounds described herein, suchas any of the compounds and/or formulations set forth in Table I of theExamples section). In general, a range of therapeutically effectiveamounts may be used, depending, for example, on the compound selectedand its safety and efficacy, the type, location, and severity of thetissue damage, among other factors.

In general, the temporal aspects of the administration of the compound(e.g., those corresponding to Formula (I) (or any of the embodimentsthereof or other compounds described herein, such as any of thecompounds and/or formulations set forth in Table I of the Examplessection) may depend for example, on the particular compound, radiationtherapy, or chemotherapy that is selected, or the type, nature, and/orduration of the radiation exposure. Other considerations may include thedisease or disorder being treated and the severity of the disease ordisorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specificcomposition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and dietof the subject; the time of administration, route of administration, andrate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of thetreatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specificcompound employed; and like factors. For example, the compound may beadministered in various embodiments before, during, and/or after theadministration of the cancer therapy (e.g., radiation therapy orchemotherapy). By way of another example, the compound may beadministered in various embodiments before, during, and/or after anexposure to radiation.

If desired, the effective dose can be divided into multiple doses forpurposes of administration; consequently, single dose compositions maycontain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the dose.

In one embodiment, for example, the compound (e.g., those correspondingto Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or other compoundsdescribed herein, such as any of the compounds and/or formulations setforth in Table I of the Examples section) is administered to the patientprior to or simultaneous with the cancer therapy. In another embodiment,for example, the compound (e.g., those corresponding to Formula (I) (orany of the embodiments thereof or other compounds described herein, suchas any of the compounds and/or formulations set forth in Table I of theExamples section) is administered to the patient prior to, but notafter, the cancer therapy. In yet another embodiment, the compound isadministered to the patient at least 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes,60 minutes, 90 minutes, 180 minutes, 0.5 days, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days,one week, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks, five weeks, six weeks,seven weeks, eight weeks, nine weeks, ten weeks, eleven weeks, twelveweeks, or longer, prior to the cancer therapy. In still otherembodiments, for example, the compound (e.g., those corresponding toFormula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or other compoundsdescribed herein, such as any of the compounds and/or formulations setforth in Table I of the Examples section) is administered to the patientafter the cancer therapy; thus, for example, the compound may beadministered up to 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 90minutes, or 180 minutes, 0.5 days, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, one week, twoweeks, three weeks, four weeks, five weeks, six weeks, seven weeks,eight weeks, nine weeks, ten weeks, eleven weeks, twelve weeks, orlonger, after the cancer treatment.

In another embodiment, for example, the compound (e.g., thosecorresponding to Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or othercompounds described herein, such as any of the compounds and/orformulations set forth in Table I of the Examples section) isadministered to the patient prior to or simultaneous with the radiationexposure. In another embodiment, for example, the compound (e.g., thosecorresponding to Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or othercompounds described herein, such as any of the compounds and/orformulations set forth in Table I of the Examples section) isadministered to the patient prior to, but not after, the radiationexposure. In yet another embodiment, the compound (e.g., thosecorresponding to Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or othercompounds described herein, such as any of the compounds and/orformulations set forth in Table I of the Examples section) isadministered to the patient at least 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes,60 minutes, 90 minutes, 180 minutes, 0.5 days, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days,one week, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks, five weeks, six weeks,seven weeks, eight weeks, nine weeks, ten weeks, eleven weeks, twelveweeks, or longer, prior to the radiation exposure. In still otherembodiments, for example, the compound (e.g., those corresponding toFormula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or other compoundsdescribed herein, such as any of the compounds and/or formulations setforth in Table I of the Examples section) is administered to the patientafter the radiation exposure; thus, for example, the compound may beadministered up to 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 90minutes, or 180 minutes, 0.5 days, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, one week, twoweeks, three weeks, four weeks, five weeks, six weeks, seven weeks,eight weeks, nine weeks, ten weeks, eleven weeks, twelve weeks, orlonger, after the radiation exposure.

In one embodiment, for example, the cancer treatment comprises theadministration of radiation therapy; for example, an intentionalexposure to radiation. In accordance with this embodiment, the methodprovides a safe and effective method of treating radiation damage andinhibiting or ameliorating radiation-related cancers orradiation-related tissue damage in a patient in need thereof byadministering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of thecompound described herein (e.g., those corresponding to Formula (I) (orany of the embodiments thereof or other compounds described herein, suchas any of the compounds and/or formulations set forth in Table I of theExamples section).

In another embodiment, the exposure to radiation is an accidental orunintentional exposure. For example, the radiation exposure may resultfrom a wide variety of commercial and non-commercial activitiesincluding, but not limited to activities in industries such as utilityand power, oil/gas petrochemical, chemical/plastics, automaticventilation control (cooking, smoking, etc.), heavy industrialmanufacturing, environmental toxicology and remediation, biomedicine,cosmetic/perfume, pharmaceutical, transportation, emergency response andlaw enforcement, military or terrorist activities, and detection (e.g.,hazardous leaks or spills). In one embodiment, for example, the exposureto radiation may result from the excavation and/or clean-up ofradioactive material from air, groundwater, surface water, sedimentand/or soil.

In various embodiments, the source of radiation may be electromagnetic,including visible or ultraviolet light, or nuclear, including alpha,beta, gamma, or cosmic radiation. The types of damage may include, butis not limited to, various forms of dermatological or mucosal damage,such as oral mucositis, esophagitis, and the like, as well as internalcell loss, fibrosis, cyst formation, neuropathies and various types ofbenign and malignant tumors.

Treatment of Diseases and Conditions

In accordance with another embodiment of the third aspect of the presentdisclosure, methods are described herein for treating a range ofdiseases and conditions modulated by superoxide in a subject in needthereof. As noted above, treatment of diseases and conditions asdescribed herein may include both inhibition (i.e., prophylaxis) andamelioration of such disease or condition. In general, the methodsinvolve administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amountof the compound described herein (e.g., those corresponding to Formula(I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or other compounds describedherein, such as any of the compounds and/or formulations set forth inTable I of the Examples section).

In general, the temporal aspects of the administration of the compoundmay depend for example, on the particular compound, or the disease orcondition being treated. Other considerations may include the severityof the disease or condition; activity of the specific compound employed;the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health,sex and diet of the subject; the time of administration, route ofadministration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed;the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidentalwith the specific compound employed; and like factors.

If desired, the effective dose can be divided into multiple doses forpurposes of administration; consequently, single dose compositions maycontain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the dose.

Routes of Administration

In general, the compounds described herein (or pharmaceuticalcompositions including the compounds) (e.g., those corresponding toFormula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or other compoundsdescribed herein, such as any of the compounds and/or formulations setforth in Table I of the Examples section)) can be administered tosubjects (e.g., humans and other mammals) are adapted for oraladministration; surprisingly, the compounds of the present disclosureare significantly more bioavailable when administered orally than otheranalogs, for example their bis-chloro analogs. Advantageously,therefore, the compounds of the present disclosure provide a wider rangeof routes of administration, including but not limited to, oral,parenteral (e.g., intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous,intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal,intraperitoneal, or intrasternal), topical (nasal, transdermal, buccal,ophthalmic), intravesical, intrathecal, enteral, pulmonary,intralymphatic, intracavital, vaginal, rectal, transurethral,intradermal, intraocular, aural, intramammary, orthotopic,intratracheal, intralesional, percutaneous, endoscopical, transmucosal,sublingual and intestinal administration. In one embodiment, thecompound is introduced to the patient via oral administration. Inanother embodiment, the compound is introduced to the patient viainjection, including by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, intra-arterial, and intradermal injection. Additionallyor alternatively, the compounds described herein (or pharmaceuticalcompositions including the compounds) described herein can beadministered to subjects topically (as by patches (e.g., transdermalpatches), powders, lotions, ointments or drops applied to the skin),buccally, or inhaled, as an oral or nasal spray. The compounds describedherein (or pharmaceutical compositions including the compounds) can alsobe administered to humans and other mammals intrarectally orintravaginally. In one embodiment, the compound (or a pharmaceuticalcomposition or unit dose formulation including the compound) isadministered to the subject orally. In another embodiment, the compound(or a pharmaceutical composition or unit dose formulation including thecompound) is administered to the subject parenterally. It will generallybe understood that parental administration refers to modes ofadministration which include intravenous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intraarticular.

In some embodiments, oral administration is a preferred method ofadministration of the present compounds (e.g., those corresponding toFormula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or other compoundsdescribed herein, such as any of the compounds and/or formulations setforth in Table I of the Examples section)).

Additional Pharmaceutically Active Agents

As noted above, the above-described methods and pharmaceuticalcompositions including the compound may additionally include theadministration of one or more pharmaceutically active agents orcomponents. While the compounds described herein can be administered asthe sole active pharmaceutical agent, they can also be used incombination with one or more compounds of the invention or other agents.When administered as a combination, the therapeutic agents can beformulated as separate compositions that are administered at the sametime or sequentially at different times (e.g., one or several hours ordays later), or the therapeutic agents can be given as a singlecomposition. Thus, the disclosure is intended to embrace administrationof each agent in a sequential manner in a regimen that will providebeneficial effects of the drug combination, and is intended as well toembrace co-administration of these agents in a substantiallysimultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio ofthese active agents or in multiple, separate capsules for each agent.

Kits/Articles of Manufacture

For use in the therapeutic applications described herein, kits andarticles of manufacture are also described. Such kits can include acarrier, package, or container that is compartmentalized to receive oneor more containers such as vials, tubes, and the like, each of thecontainer(s) including one of the separate elements to be used in amethod described herein (such as, for example, the compoundscorresponding to Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereofdescribed herein), pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, or additionalpharmaceutically active agent or compound, whether alone or incombination). Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials,syringes, and test tubes. The containers can be formed from a variety ofmaterials such as glass or plastic.

Compositions containing one or more compounds provided herein (forexample, the compounds corresponding to Formula (I) (or any of theembodiments thereof or other compounds described herein, such as any ofthe compounds and/or formulations set forth in Table I of the Examplessection) formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier can also beprepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatmentof an indicated condition.

In accordance with one embodiment, the article of manufacture comprisespackaging material and contained within said packaging material is a anoral formulation for treating a disease or condition or for protectingtissue against damage resulting from exposure to a cancer treatment in apatient in need thereof, comprising the compounds corresponding toFormula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or other compoundsdescribed herein, such as any of the compounds and/or formulations setforth in Table I of the Examples section). In accordance with thisembodiment, the parenteral formulation comprises a unit dose formulationas described herein, and the packaging material comprises a label orpackage insert with instructions for oral administering the dose to thepatient. For example, the oral formulation may be in tablet, pill,capsule, or gel or suspension form and contained in a suitable vial orcontainer.

In accordance with another embodiment, the article of manufacturecomprises packaging material and contained within said packagingmaterial is a parenteral formulation for treating a disease or conditionor for protecting tissue against damage resulting from exposure to acancer treatment in a patient in need thereof, comprising the compoundscorresponding to Formula (I) (or any of the embodiments thereof or othercompounds described herein, such as any of the compounds and/orformulations set forth in Table I of the Examples section). Inaccordance with this embodiment, the parenteral formulation comprises aunit dose formulation as described herein, and the packaging materialcomprises a label or package insert with instructions for parenterallyadministering the dose to the patient. For example, the parenteralformulation may be in solution form and contained in a suitable vial orcontainer.

Having described the invention in detail, it will be apparent thatmodifications and variations are possible without departing the scope ofthe invention defined in the appended claims. Furthermore, it should beappreciated that all examples in the present disclosure are provided asnon-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting examples are provided to further illustratethe present invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in theart that the techniques disclosed in the examples that follow representapproaches the inventors have found function well in the practice of theinvention, and thus can be considered to constitute examples of modesfor its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light ofthe present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in thespecific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like orsimilar result without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention.

Example 1

Introduction

Compounds were screened for oral bioavailability by injecting theformulated prodrugs directly into the duodenum (intraduodenal or idadministration) of the minipig test subjects, thus bypassing the acidicenvironment of the stomach and thereby eliminating potentiallymisleading oral bioavailability results that could arise from alterationof the test article drug in the acid environment of the stomach.

The Gottingen minipig was selected as the test model species forassessing oral bioavailability since 1) it is well known that minipigs(and swine in general) mimic the physiology and pharmacology of thehuman intestine, particularly regarding drug absorption¹ and 2) previousstudies in Gottingen minipig using GC4403 (the enantiomer of GC4419)demonstrated oral bioavailability consistent with the clinicalexperience in human studies.

The studies were conducted at Xenometrics LLC (Stillwell, Kans.) and theid bioavailability was determined using various axial ligand derivativecomplexes of GC4419, GC4444, GC4403 and GC4401. In each case the parentcompounds (GC4419, GC4403, GC4444, and GC4401) with their chloro axialligands were administered by the intravenous (iv) route as a referencefor calculating 100% bioavailability as measured by the AUC_(0->24 h)(area under the curve from 0 to 24 h (ng-hr/mL)). Calculation of the %oral bioavailability of a formulation of a compound administered idrequires calculation of AUC_(0->24 h) via this route in comparison tothat via the iv route. The following formula is then used to calculatethe % oral bioavailability via intestinal absorption of the test articledrug complex:

% Oral Bioavailability=AUC_(0->24 h) (id)×(1/dose(mg/kg))+AUC_(0->24 hr) (iv)*

*Where the iv dose is 1 mg of test article drug per kilogram body weightof the mini-pig, and the dose administered id is 10 mg of test articledrug per kg body weight of the mini-pig.

All Xenometrics facilities are fully accredited by the Association forAssessment & Accreditation of Laboratory Animals (AAALAC). Allexperiments and animal care were conducted within the strict guidelinesestablished and enforced by Xenometric's Institutional Animal Care & UseCommittees.

Methods

Male Gottingen minipigs (4-5 mo old, 9-12 kg weight) were purchased fromMarshall BioResources and housed at Xenometrics. After at least 14 daysfor acclimatization, each animal had an intraduodenal (id) cannulaimplanted via abdominal surgery using adequate anesthesia. The distalend was exteriorized with a reusable accessible hub (see surgicaldetails below). During a recovery period of at least 2 weeks theminipigs were handled daily to acclimate them to the test procedures,i.e., id dosing and blood collections. For each experiment, each minipigreceived a test article drug dissolved or suspended in an excipientvehicle. The minipigs did not require restraint for dosing. All dosingexperiments were conducted in fasted animals. Food was withdrawn fromthe minipigs 16 hours before dosing. The minipigs had ad libitum accessto water. Dosed minipigs were allowed access to food 6 hour afterdosing. The test article was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg parentdrug in 0.1 mL/kg vehicle (e.g., 1.5 mL in 15 kg minipig) as a bolusinjection (˜1 minute) via the id cannula. The actual amount of totaltest article drug administered varied with the formula weight of theprodrug. An equal volume of excipient vehicle was used to flush thecannula after the test article was administered. Approximately 6 hourslater, corn oil was used to flush the cannula. After approximately 24hours post-dose, the catheter was flushed with sterile saline solutionand capped. At the following time-points 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 and48 hour post-injection, 2 mL blood samples were collected by cranialvena cava puncture (4 mL Sodium heparin Vacutainer, 20 g 1.5″ needle)after the skin surface was wiped with ethanol. The minipig was placed ina sling in a recumbent position without anesthesia for the collection ofblood samples. The minipigs were never used more than once per 7 daysfor experimentation. The blood samples were kept on ice until processedfor plasma. Blood samples were centrifuged at 1200×g for ten minutes at4° C. and plasma samples were transferred to 96 well plate tubes, cappedand stored at −20° C. until shipment on dry ice to the analyticallaboratory used for measuring the concentration of drug in the plasma.The concentration of the parent manganese pentaaza macrocylic ringcomplex (independent of the composition of the axial ligands) wasmeasured in plasma using a validated HPLC/MS/MS method that is linearbetween 50 ng/mL and 20,000 ng/mL.

Xenometrics Surgical Procedure for Ported Duodenal Catheters in theSwine: Surgical Preparation of Test System.

Animal Preparation

The pigs are fasted overnight prior to surgery and are pre-medicated andinduced according to the accompanying schedule of medications anddosages chart. An endotracheal tube is inserted and general anesthesiamaintained with isoflurane delivered in oxygen via a precision vaporizerand re-breathing anesthetic circuit. LRS (Lactate-Ringers Solution) atapproximately 100 mL per hour is given via a peripheral catheter duringsurgery. The surgery is performed in a designated surgical suite andaseptic techniques are followed throughout the surgical procedures.

Access Port (VAP) Placement

An area over the right dorsal thorax is shaved and prepped withchlorhexidine scrub and solution.

A midline laparotomy is performed with the duodenum being isolated andcannulated according to the description listed below and exteriorized ata site along the dorsal thorax. The exteriorized cannula is thenattached to an individual access port (VAP) and implanted subcutaneouslyusing an appropriate non-absorbable suture. The port incision is closedappropriately insuring the removal of dead space and the skin closedwith absorbable suture. The peritoneum and muscle layer of thelaparotomy will be apposed with an appropriately sized absorbable suturein an interrupted pattern.

The subcutaneous tissues will be apposed with absorbable suture. Theskin is closed with absorbable subcuticular suture.

Duodenal Cannulation with Vascular Access Port (VAP)

An area over the ventral abdomen is shaved and prepped withchlorhexidine scrub and solution.

A burp valve catheter with a 5 mm Dacron disk attached 1 cm from the tip(Access Technologies, Chicago Ill.) is utilized to cannulate theduodenum. The burp valve cannula is flushed prior to implantation toinsure that the burp valve is free and working appropriately. Theduodenum is located and the site for cannulation isolated (i.e., 5-8 cmdistal to the cranial duodenal flexure). At this site, a 4-0 Prolenepurse string suture is placed on the mucosal surface and the intestineperforated with an 18 g needle in the center of the purse string suture.The needle is then removed and replaced with a 16 g stub adapter tofurther dilate the existing insertion site. The stub adapter is thenremoved and the burp valve tip placed into the intestinal defect untilthe Dacron disc is flush with the mucosal surface. The tip is anchoredby closing the purse string and tying into place. The disc is anchoredinto place utilizing 7-8 interrupted 4-0 Prolene sutures to the mucosalsurface. A small loop is formed and the catheter body (approximately 5-6cm from the disk) is anchored to the mucosa utilizing the Weitzel tunneltechnique.

Note: The Weitzel Tunnel Technique is accomplished by placing thecatheter body along the intestine with the distal aspect facing towardthe cranial duodenal flexure. 4-6 individual 5-0 Prolene sutures areplaced approximately 0.5 cm apart to form the “tunnel.” This tunnel isformed by attaching each of the sutures to the mucosa surface beside thecannula and then attaching the free end to the mucosal surface on theother side of the cannula insuring that the suture rest on TOP of thecannula. When the individual sutures are tied they pull the mucosa overthe cannula forming the “tunnel.”

After completing the Weitzel Tunnel technique a small (2-3 mm) incisionis made in the peritoneum approximately 1 cm below the ribs on the rightside of the animal and the catheter is exteriorized to the port site byuse of a trocar. An incision is made on the dorsal lateral aspect of theright thorax and a pocket formed to accept the port. The cannula is thenmoved to the pocket by trocar and attached to the port. The port is thenanchored to the underlying musculature with an appropriately sizednon-absorbable monofilament suture and the muscle, fascia, and skinclosed in an appropriate manner. The port is flushed with saline. Theabdomen is closed with an appropriate absorbable monofilament suture inan interrupted pattern. The fascia is closed separately with anappropriate absorbable suture in an appropriate pattern. The skin isclosed in an appropriate manner with an appropriate suture or staples.During anesthetic recovery animals are monitored for a return to normalphysiologic function.

Incisions sites are examined daily for 14 days minimum. Antibiotics areadministered as needed. Animals are not jacketed for a minimum of 14days post operatively.

System Maintenance

The ports are accessed using aseptic technique. Hair over the port isclipped as needed. At least 3 alternating scrubs of chlorhexidine scruband solution are applied prior to accessing the port via a Huber pointedneedle. The duodenal port is flushed with an appropriate flushingsolution such as saline or sterile water after dosing.

EXPERIMENTAL

Preparation of Dosing Formulations

The oils used for preparing the dosing solutions were used as suppliedfrom commercial sources. The Capmul MCM (NF) is a mixture ofmono/diglycerides of caprylic/capric acids and was supplied by ABITECCorporation, Janesville, Wis. The Miglyol 812 N is a mixture ofcaprylic/capric acid triglycerides and was supplied by Cremer OleoDivision, Eatontown, N.J. Labrafil M 2125 CS (NF) is chemically definedto be linoleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides NF and was supplied by Gattefosse,SAINT-PRIEST Cedex, France. Peceol is chemically defined to be themonoglyceride, glyceryl monooleate NF, and was supplied by Gattefosse,SAINT-PRIEST Cedex, France.

Maisine 35-1 is chemically defined to be the monoglyceride glycerylmonolinoleate (NF) and was supplied by Gattefosse, SAINT-PRIEST Cedex,France. Labrasol (NF) is chemically defined to be caprylocaproylpolyoxyl-8 glycerides NF and was supplied by Gattefosse, SAINT-PRIESTCedex, France. Labrafil M 1944 CS is chemically defined to be oleoylpolyoxyl-6 glycerides (NF), and is available from Gattefosse,SAINT-PRIEST Cedex, France. The dosing solutions were all prepared usinga four place analytical balance by weighing all components of eachformulation so that 10% by weight of each formulation contained the testarticle drug substance and 90% by weight of the oil used for thatformulation.

Bioanalytical Method

The bioanalytical method which is used to quantitate the parent Mn(II)macrocyclic ring ligand structure in plasma utilizes HPLC with MS/MSdetection and monitors the presence of the monocationic[monoformatoMn(pentaazamacrocycle)]+ complex. All bioanalytical samplemeasurements were carried out at ABC Laboratories utilizing Galera'sbioanalytical method validated at ABC as ABC Method Number 81201-MI-02,which is similar to the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,444,856 toSlomczynska et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference herein inits entirety.

Syntheses

All reagents used to synthesize compounds disclosed herein werepurchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purificationunless otherwise indicated. All elemental analyses were performed andreported by Galbraith Laboratories, Inc. in Knoxville, Tenn.

The parent Mn(II) pentaaza macrocyclic ring dichloro complexes, suchGC4419, GC4401, GC4444, and GC4403 (structures shown below) weresynthesized using literature procedures. For GC4403 the chiralR,R-diaminocyclohexane is utilized as starting material,² whereas forGC4419, the mirror-image enantiomer of GC4403, the chiralS,S-diaminocyclohexane is utilized instead.^(3,4) The remainder of thesynthesis of GC4419 can be identical in all respects to the methodpublished for GC4403.² The synthesis of the GC4401 complex was reportedpreviously in reference 5.

The synthesis of GC4444 which contains the additional 11-R-Methylsubstitutent generating a fifth chiral center on carbon (and is alsoderived from R,R-diaminocyclohexane) is made from the correspondingchiral tetraamine whose synthesis was published in reference 6 asExample 5C.

Syntheses of Axial Ligand Derivatives

The same parent Mn(II) pentaaza macrocyclic ring dichloro complexes(GC4419, GC4403, GC4444 and GC4401) were also used as the startingmaterial precursors for the syntheses of other axial ligand boundderivatives using a generic synthesis scheme in which a large excess ofa salt of an anion is used to displace the chloro ligand therebygenerating the new compound.

Example 2 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-acetato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-, [bis-Acetato(GC4419)]. GC4701

Using a 500-mL Erlenmeyer, 100 mL of deionized (“DI”) water was added to5.3 g of GC4419; the mixture was stirred vigorously for 15-20 min, thensonicated for 5 min. The resulting light brownish suspension wasfiltered through a 10-20μ fritted funnel (ca. 0.3 g of solid materialremained in the funnel). The resulting clear solution was added into asodium acetate solution (ca. 429 mmol, 21 equiv in 100 mL DI water) as astream in one portion. No solid separated and the yellowish solution wasstirred for 5 additional min. The solution was transferred to aseparatory funnel and extracted (3×50 mL) with dichloromethane. Theorganic layers were separated, combined, and transferred back into aseparatory funnel. The dichloromethane solution was back-extracted (2×50mL) with aqueous sodium acetate (32 g/100 mL). The dichloromethane layerwas dried over MgSO₄ (ca. 10 g) for 30 min (w/stirring), filtered usinga 10-20μ fritted funnel, and the solution taken to dryness using arotavap. To the yellow oily solid resulting from taking the solution todryness was added methanol (50 mL). This solution was then again takento dryness on the rotovap to yield a light yellow foam/glass. Thismaterial was dried in vacuo at room temperature for two days.

The isolated yellowish brittle (4.11 g, 75% yield based on GC4419) wasanalyzed by HPLC and showed a purity of 99.7% and elemental analysisshowed 0.98 wt. % residual chlorine. The elemental analysis isconsistent with the expected bis-(acetato) structure C₂₅H₄₁MnN₅O₄.2H₂O.Anal Cal'd: C, 53.00%; H, 8.01%; N, 12.36%, and Mn, 9.70%. Anal Found:C, 53.10%; H, 8.34%; Mn, 9.86%, N, 12.56%, and Cl (as total halogencontent), 0.98 wt. %.

Example 3 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-octanoato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,[bis-Octanoato(GC4419)]. GC4710

Using a 500-mL Erlenmeyer, 200 mL of DI water was added to 10.2 g ofGC4419, stirred vigorously for 15-20 min, then sonicated for 5 min. Theresulting tan suspension was filtered through a 45×20 mm bed of celite(pre-washed with DI water) on a 25-50μ fritted funnel. The resultingclear solution was added to 250 mL of a solution of sodium octanoate (75g, ca. 450 mmol, 11 equiv) as a slow stream over 5 min. No solidseparated and the tan solution was stirred for an additional 5 min. Thesolution was transferred to a separatory funnel and extracted (2×100 mL)with DCM. The organic layers were separated, combined, dried over MgSO₄(10 g), filtered, and rendered dry under reduced pressure. MeOH (75 mL)was used to co-evaporate residual DCM to yield a light yellow-tan gum.This gum was dried in vacuo at 40° C. for 19 h. A yellowish solid wasisolated in 73% yield (10.8 g) based on starting GC4419. This solid wassubmitted for elemental analysis (Galbraith Labs) and also analyzed byHPLC using the chromatography method described in reference 4.

HPLC showed a purity of 99.5% (0.14% monoamine GC4520). Elementalanalysis is consistent with the structure as a hemihydrate C₂₅H₄₁MnN₅O₄.0.5H₂O, FW734.93 (anhyd). Anal Cal'd: C, 63.05%; H, 9.39%; N, 9.94%, andMn, 7.79%. Anal Found: C, 63.21%; H, 9.80%; Mn, 7.97%, N, 9.63%, and Cl(as total halogen content), <150 ppm.

Example 4 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-pivaloato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,[bis-Pivaloato(GC4419)]. GC4709

The sodium pivaloate salt (6.4 g) was added to a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flaskand dissolved (warmed to ca. 40° C.) in 50 mL of abs EtOH (solution wasnearly colorless). Once the sodium pivaloate solution was cooled back toroom temperature, a solution containing 5.3 g of GC4419, dissolved in 30mL of abs EtOH (solution was tan in color), was added. Precipitation ofNaCl was observed immediately upon mixing. The light, tan suspension wasstirred for 1 h, at rt and under Ar, then placed in a refrigerator (2-8°C.) overnight. The resulting light, tan suspension was filtered using atared 10-20μ fritted funnel (ca. 1.1 g of solid sodium chloride saltremained in the funnel) and the solvent stripped off the filtrate usinga rotavap. The wet residue from the rotavap was further dried in vacuofor 15 min. IPA (100 mL) was added and the mixture swirled for one hourthen placed in the refrigerator overnight. The next day, upon filtering,1.28 g of white solid was isolated and discarded. The clear tan-yellowfiltrate was rendered a wet solid using a rotavap.

Dichloromethane (100 mL) was added to the wet solid. The mixture turnedinto a gel-like suspension and was mixed with stirring for 1 h at 37° C.The suspension was filtered using a tared 10-20μ fritted funnel and 1.7g of additional white solid was isolated and discarded. The filtrate'ssolvent was removed using a rotavap to yield a tan syrup. MeOH (75 mL)was added to the tan syrup and after solvent removal via a rotavap toyield a tan semisolid. This material was dried in vacuo for 72 h toafford GC4709 as a tan solid which was submitted for elemental analysis.HPLC showed a purity of 99.5%. Elemental analysis is consistent with thestructure C₃₁H₅₃MnN₅O₄ 0.5H₂O, FW614.73 (anhyd). Anal Cal'd: C, 59.69%;H, 8.73%; N, 11.23%, and Mn, 8.81%. Anal Found: C, 59.87%; H, 8.44%; Mn,8.45%, N, 10.88%, and Cl (as total halogen content), ca. 0.08% (784ppm).

Example 5 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-cyclohexanebutyrato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacyclo-heptadecine-κN5,κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-, [bis-Cyclohexanebutyrato(GC4419)]. GC4707

Sodium cyclohexanebutyrate (5.77 g) was added to a 125 mL Erlenmeyerflask and then an attempt was made to dissolve it in 50 mL of abs EtOHover 15 min with stirring. The mixture turned gel-like and 50 mL ofadditional EtOH (abs), for 100 mL total, was added. This extra solventdid not afford a clear solution upon warming/sonicating (ca. 40° C.).MeOH (10 mL) was added and upon 15 min of stirring/sonicating a clearsolution resulted. This solution was added in one portion to a solutioncontaining 3.6 g of GC4419 dissolved in 15 mL of abs EtOH (solution wastan in color). A fine suspension resulted immediately. The suspensionwas stirred for 15 min and then placed in a freezer for 1 h. At thispoint the suspension was filtered using a 10-15μ fritted funnel and theclear tan filtrate evaporated to dryness on a rotavap. The resultingsolid was dried in vacuo at room temperature overnight. The nextmorning, the tan solid was stirred in 100 mL of dichloromethane (“DCM”)to dissolve the desired product while leaving the excess sodiumcyclohexanebutyrate salt. This slurry was stirred for 3 h prior tofiltration (using a 10-15μ fritted funnel and washed in-funnel using2×30 mL DCM). The resulting yellow filtrate was evaporated using arotavap and 100 mL of MeOH was then added. The resulting yellow solutionwas again evaporated using a rotavap and the residue left in vacuo atroom temperature overnight. The next day, a tan solid was isolated. Thematerial was broken down further and dried in vacuo overnight, and thenground using an agate mortar/pestle.

The isolated tan solid (5.4 g, 96% yield based on GC4419) was analyzedby HPLC and showed a purity of 99.6%. Elemental analysis was consistentwith [bis-(Cyclohexanebutyrato)GC4419]: C₄₁H₆₉MnN₅O₄, FW 750.97 (anhyd).Anal Cal'd: C, 65.58%; H, 9.26%; N, 9.33%, and Mn 7.32%. Anal Found: C,65.29%; H, 8.83%; Mn, 6.95%, N, 9.42%, and Cl (as total halogen content)of 0.22 wt. %.

Example 6 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-dodecanoato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,[bis-Dodecanoato(GC4419)]. GC4708

Sodium dodecanoate (6.17 g) was added to 300 mL of abs EtOH in a 500 mLErlenmeyer flask. The resulting white suspension was stirred (300 rpm)while warming (ca. 50° C.) on a hot-plate. After 15 min the suspensionactually thickened somewhat. An additional 100 mL of Abs. EtOH was addedand the resultant slurry was sonicated for 10 min. 15 mL of DI water wasthen added (making it ca. 96% EtOH) with stirring and the mixture turnedinto a clear solution within a minute. To this solution, 3.6 g of GC4419dissolved in 30 mL abs EtOH was added. The resulting solution was cloudyand light tan in color, and was stirred for 2 h and then placed on arotavap. Approximately half of the solvent was removed, with a solidmaterial coming out of solution as the volume decreased. At this pointboth solid and solvent were transferred to a 25-50μ filter funnel, alongwith a EtOH (50 mL) rinse of the flask, and filtered. The light tanfiltrate was then placed again in the rotavap. Upon further evaporation,a light tan solid resulted, which was placed in vacuo at roomtemperature overnight. The next day, ca. 4.7 g of tan solid wasisolated. DCM (100 mL) was added and the suspension stirred for 1 h,then filtered to afford a light yellow filtrate. Upon removal of the DCMusing a rotavap, a light tan foam resulted which was further dried invacuo at room temperature for 48 h.

The tan brittle solid (2.9 g, 44% yield) was analyzed by HPLC and showeda purity of 96.8%.

Example 7 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-phenylacetato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacyclo-heptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,[bis-Phenylacetato(GC4419)]. GC4718

Phenylacetic acid (47.3 g) was partially dissolved in DI water (1 L),and titrated to pH 7.6 using solid NaOH, followed by drop-wise additionof 0.5 M solution of NaOH in water to bring the pH to about 8.5. Thefinal volume of sodium phenylacetate solution was about 1 L. GC4419 wasadded as a solid (3.5 g) to 400 mL of the phenylacetate solution withstirring, whereupon some solids formed. DCM (50 mL) was added and theaqueous layer extracted. This extraction was repeated two additionaltimes with all three dichloromethane extracts being pooled (ca. 150 mL)and back-extracted with the remaining phenylacetate solution (4×150 mL).The light yellow DCM solution was dried over MgSO₄ for 30 min (withstirring), filtered using a 10-20μ fritted funnel, and rendered dry in arotavap. The resulting foam was dissolved in 50 mL of MeOH and rendereddry again to remove trace of DCM. The yellow foam residue was placed invacuo at room temperature overnight. 4.57 g (93% yield) of the paletan-yellow semi-crystalline solid was isolated, analyzed by HPLC andshowed a purity of 99.6%. The elemental analysis is consistent with theexpected bis-(phenylacetato) structure C₃₇H₄₉MnN₅O₄. Anal Cal'd: C,65.09%; H, 7.23%; N, 10.26%, and Mn, 8.05%. Anal Found: C, 65.17%; H,7.26%; Mn, 7.67%, N, 10.08%, and Cl (as total halogen content), 63 ppm.

Example 8 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-phenylglyoxaloto[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacyclohepta-decine-κN5,κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,. [bis-Phenylglyoxylato(GC4419)]. GC4719

Phenylglyoxylic acid (12.4 g) was added to 200 mL of DI water in a 500mL Erlenmeyer flask. After stirring for 5 min, a clear, colorlesssolution resulted. This was treated with 3.2 g of NaOH as pellets andthe mixture stirred vigorously. The pH was measured when all NaOH haddissolved. The pH was 3.61 and was adjusted to ˜8.5-9 using 5 wt %aqueous NaOH.

A hazy solution of 5 g of GC4419 in 75 mL of DI water was filteredthrough a 10-20μ filter funnel and added in one portion to ca. one halfof the pH-adjusted aqueous solution (ca. 110 mL) of sodiumphenylglyoxylate. The precipitated white material was stirred for anadditional 15 min before adding 100 mL of DCM. A yellow DCM layerresulted immediately. The layers were separated and the DCM layer wasextracted with the second half of the sodium phenylglyoxylate solution.After shaking vigorously and allowing to settle for 10 min., the DCMlayer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and the solvent removed using arotavap. MeOH (50 mL) was added to the rotavap flask and the yellowsolution further evaporated to remove residual DCM. The resulting solidwas dried in vacuo at 30° C. overnight.

The isolated light yellow semi-crystalline solid (7.1 g, 96% yield fromGC4419) was analyzed by HPLC and showed a purity of 99.3%. Elementalanalysis showed the following: C, 62.05%; H, 6.38%; Mn, 7.73%; and N,9.85%. Anal Found: C, 62.50%; H, 6.29%; Mn, 7.73%; N, 9.85%, and Cl astotal halogen content of 55 ppm.

Example 9 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-propionato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraaza-cycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,[bis-Propionato(GC4419)]. GC4711

GC4419 (11.0 g) was added to a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 200 mLof DI water. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 15-20 min withwarming to 40° C. for 10 min. The resulting light, brownish suspensionwas filtered using a 10-20μ fritted funnel to afford a clear, light tansolution. In a separate flask was prepared an aqueous solution of 80 gsodium propionate in 200 mL of DI water. In a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flaskthe GC4419 solution and 200 mL of the sodium propionate solution werecombined. The resulting tan solution was stirred for 5 min. The lighttan-yellow solution was transferred to a 1-L separatory funnel andextracted with DCM (3×75 mL). The three resulting DCM layers werecombined, and transferred back into a separatory funnel and theresulting DCM solution was back-extracted with additional aqueous sodiumpropionate solution (3×70 mL). The DCM layer was dried over MgSO₄ for 15min (w/stirring), filtered using a 20-50μ fritted funnel, and rendereddry (i.e., foam) using a rotavap. Methanol (100 mL) was added and theresulting solution dried using a rotavap to remove residual DCM to yielda light tan-yellow solid. This material was dried in vacuo at 30° C. for20 h.

There was obtained 11.45 g of the isolated yellowish solid correspondingto 94% yield based on GC4419. HPLC analysis showed a purity of 99.6% andthe elemental analysis showed only 873 ppm residual chloride expressedas total halogen content and consistent with the[bis-Propionato(GC4419)] structure. Anal Calc'd: C, 58.05%; H, 8.12%;Mn, 9.83%; and N, 12.54%. Anal Found: C, 57.64%; H, 8.05%; Mn, 9.91%; N,12.51%, and Cl as total halogen content of 873 ppm.

Example 10 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-L-phenylglycinato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacyclo-heptadecine-κN5,κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,. [bis-(L)-Phenylglycinato(GC4419)]. GC4702

GC4419 (1.5 g) was added to a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mLof DI water with stirring for 15 minutes. The resulting light, brownishsuspension was filtered using a 20-50μ fritted funnel. To a secondErlenmeyer flask, in which 31.3 g of L-phenylglycine was dissolved in400 mL of DI water, was added 8.3 g of NaOH as pellets and the mixturestirred vigorously. The pH was measured when all NaOH had dissolved. ThepH was 2.30 and was adjusted using 5 wt. % aqueous NaOH (resultingpH=9.6). In a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask the GC4419 solution andapproximately one-half (200 mL) of the sodium L-phenylglycine solution,were combined. The resulting tan solution was stirred for 5 min. Thelight tan-yellow solution was transferred to a 1-L separatory funnel andextracted with DCM (3×50 mL). The three resulting DCM layers werecombined, and transferred back into a separatory funnel. The resultingDCM solution was back-extracted with the remaining aqueous sodiumL-phenylglycine solution (4×50 mL). The DCM layer was dried over MgSO₄for 15 min (w/stirring), filtered using a 20-50μ fritted funnel, anddried using a rotavap. Methanol (50 mL) was added and the resultingsolution dried using a rotavap to remove residual DCM to yield a lighttan-yellow solid. This material was dried in vacuo at 30° C. for 20 h.5.42 g of the isolated yellowish solid (74% yield) was obtained.Analysis by HPLC showed a purity of 99.5%. Elemental analysis showed 188ppm of residual chloride. The elemental analysis was consistent with theexpected GC4702 structure as a 1.5 hydrate: C₃₇H₅₁MnN₇O₄.1.5H₂O, AnalCalc'd: C, 60.07%; H, 7.36%; Mn, 7.43%; and N, 13.25%. Anal Found: C,60.20%; H, 7.11%; Mn, 7.72%; N, 13.30%, and Cl as total halogen content188 ppm.

Example 11 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-racemic-phenylglycinato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,[bis-(rac)-Phenylglycinato(GC4419)]. GC4720

GC4419 (10.0 g) was added to 250 mL of DI water in a 500 mL Erlenmeyerflask with vigorous stirring for 15-20 min. The resulting light,brownish suspension was filtered through a 20-50μ fritted funnel. To asecond Erlenmeyer flask containing 62.7 g of rac-phenylglycine in 350 mLof DI water, was added 16.6 g of NaOH (two ca. equal portions aspellets) and the mixture stirred vigorously. The pH was measured whenall NaOH had dissolved and a clear solution had been obtained. The pHwas measured as 12.3, and was adjusted to 9 by adding small portions ofracemic-phenylglycine powder. The GC4419 solution and half (˜200 mL) ofthe sodium racemic-phenylglycinate solution (ca. 105 mmol) were combinedin a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The resulting light brown solution wasstirred for 5 min. The solution was transferred to a 1-L separatoryfunnel, and extracted with 150 mL of DCM. The organic layer wasseparated and back-extracted with the remaining aqueous sodiumracemic-phenylglycinate (2×100 mL). The DCM layer was dried over MgSO₄for 15 min (w/stirring), filtered using a 20-50μ fritted funnel, andrendered dry using a rotavap. Methanol (75 mL) was added and theresulting solution dried using a rotavap to remove residual DCM to yielda light tan-yellow solid. This material was dried in vacuo at 30° C. for20 h. The isolated yellowish material (5.42 g, 74% yield) was analyzedby HPLC showing 99.5% purity. The elemental analysis is consistent withthe expected GC4720 structure C₃₇H₅₁MnN₇O₄.*2H₂O. Anal Cal'd: C, 62.35%;H, 7.21%; N, 13.76%, and Mn, 7.71%. Anal Found: C, 56.89%; H, 7.02%; Mn,7.68%, N, 13.76%, and Cl (as total halogen content), 0.20%.

Example 12 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-L-phenylalaninato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacyclo-heptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,.[Bis-(L)-Phenylalaninato(GC4419)]. GC4704

GC4419 (10.0. g) was added to 200 mL of DI water in a 500 mL Erlenmeyerflask with vigorous stirring. The resulting light, brownish suspensionwas filtered using a 20-50μ fritted funnel. Separately,(L)-phenylalanine (68.39 g) was added to 200 mL of DI water in a 500-mLErlenmeyer flask. The phenylalanine suspension was treated with solidNaOH (16.6 g) as pellets, and the mixture stirred vigorously. The pH wasmeasured when all NaOH had dissolved. The pH was 11.1 and was adjusteddown to pH=10.24 by addition of L-phenylalanine. The GC4419 solution andhalf (ca. 100 mL) of the sodium L-phenylalanine solution were combinedin a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask with stirring. The resulting tan solutionwas stirred for 5 min after having added 100 mL of DCM. The lighttan-yellow biphasic solution was transferred to a 1-L separatory funnel,the organic layer removed and the aqueous layer extracted with anadditional 50 mL of DCM. The organic layers were combined, andtransferred back into the separatory funnel. The resulting DCM solutionwas back-extracted with the remaining aqueous sodium propionate solution(2×ca. 50 mL). The DCM layer was dried over MgSO₄ for 15 min(w/stirring), filtered using a 20-50μ fritted funnel, and rendered dry(i.e., foam) using a rotavap. Methanol (50 mL) was added and theresulting solution dried using a rotavap to remove residual DCM to yielda light tan-yellow solid. This material was dried in vacuo at 30° C. for40 h.

The isolated tan-yellow amorphous powder (4.1 g, 55% yield) was analyzedvia HPLC and shown to have a purity of 99.6%. Elemental analysis wasconsistent with the expected structure of the GC4704 complex as atrihydrate, C₃₉H₅₅MnN₇O₄.3H₂O, showing the following results: C, 59.19%;H, 7.22%; Mn, 6.52%;

N, 12.09%, and Cl, 0.20%.

Example 13 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-racemic-2-phenylpropionato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,.[bis-(rac)-2-Phenylpropionato(GC4419)]. GC4705

27.5 g of the racemic-2-phenylpropionic acid was added to a 500-mLErlenmeyer containing 200 mL of DI water. After stirring for 5 min, adispersion resulted. It was treated with solid NaOH (6.84 g) as pelletsand the mixture stirred vigorously. The pH was measured when all NaOHhad dissolved. Prior to NaOH addition the pH was 2.97 (dispersion) andsubsequent to addition it was adjusted to pH˜9 using 5 wt. % aqueousNaOH resulting in a slightly turbid solution. A faintly hazy solution of10 g of GC4419 in 350 mL of DI water was prepared by stirringvigorously. A 100-mL portion of the pH-adjusted aqueous solution of the2-phenylpropionate solution was added as a slow stream over one min. Anoff-white semisolid precipitated, and the entire mixture was stirredwith DCM (100 mL) for 15 min. After this period, the two phase solutionwas transferred into a 500-mL separatory funnel. DCM (10 mL) was used torinse the Erlenmeyer flask and added to the funnel. The organic layerwas separated and the top aqueous layer extracted with an additionaldichloromethane (50 mL). The tan colored dichloromethane solutions werecombined in the separatory funnel and were extracted with the secondhalf of aqueous sodium rac-phenylpropionate solution (2×50 mL). Aftershaking vigorously and settling for 10 min each time, the DCM layer wasdried over MgSO₄ (20 g) filtered and the solvent removed. Methanol (75mL) was added and the resulting solution dried using a rotavap to removeresidual DCM. The resulting gummy material was dried in vacuo at 35° C.overnight.

The isolated faint beige solid (14.6 g, 95% yield) was analyzed by HPLC,and showed a purity of 99.7%. Elemental analysis is consistent with thatexpected for GC4705, C₃₉H₅₃MnN₅O₄: C, 65.74%; H, 7.54%; Mn, 7.57%; N,9.76%, and Cl, 60 ppm.

Example 14 Synthesis of Manganese(II)bis-racemic-phenylglycinato[2S, 21S-Dimethyl(4aR,13aR,17aR,21aR)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,.[bis-(rac)-Phenylglycinato(GC4401)]. GC4715

GC4401 (5 g, 9.78 mmol) was added to 50 mL of DI water in a 125 mLErlenmeyer flask and stirred vigorously for 5 min to afford a veryslightly turbid yellowish solution. This solution was then filtered andthe filtrate solution retained. Using a second Erlenmeyer flask, theracemic-phenylglycine (30 g, 198.5 mmol) was added to 200 mL of DI waterto afford a colorless solution. This solution was treated with 7.9 g ofNaOH as pellets and the mixture stirred vigorously. The pH was measuredafter all the NaOH had dissolved and found to be 11.2. The slightlyturbid solution was filtered (20-50μ). In a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask, theGC4401 solution and half (100 mL) of the sodium phenylglycinate solution(ca. 105 mmol/10 equiv) were combined in one stream. No solid separatedand the resultant yellow-tan solution was stirred for 15 additional min,then transferred to a 250-mL separatory funnel, and extracted withdichloromethane (50 mL, about 1-2 min shaking time). The organic layerwas separated and transferred back onto the separatory funnel. Thisdichloromethane solution was back-extracted with the remaining aqueoussodium phenylglycinate (1-2 min shaking each time). The dichloromethanelayer was dried over MgSO₄ for 15 min, filtered using a 20-50μ frittedfunnel, and rendered dry (i.e., foam) using a rotavap. Methanol (50 mL)was then added to the yellow solid and the solution taken to dryness inorder to co-evaporate residual dichloromethane yielding a light yellowsolid. This material was dried in vacuo at 30° C. for 24 h. The isolatedyellowish solid (6.5 g, 90% yield based on GC4401) was analyzed by HPLCand showed a purity of 99.5%. The elemental analysis is consistent withthe expected GC4715 structure C₃₉H₅₅MnN₇O₄.H₂O. Anal Cal'd: C, 63.23%;H, 7.48%; N, 13.23%, and Mn, 7.42%. Anal Found: C, 60.68%; H, 7.31%; Mn,7.06%, N, 12.68%, and chlorine (as total halogen content), 974 ppm.

Example 15 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-racemic-phenylglycinato[6R-Methyl(4aR,13aR,17aR,21aR)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,. [bis(rac)2-Phenylglycinato(GC4444)]. GC4716

GC4444 (1 g, 2 mmol) was added 40 mL of DI water in a 125 mL Erlenmeyerflask and stirred vigorously for 5 min to afford a light yellowsolution. In a second 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, racemic-phenylglycine (6g, 40 mmol) was added to 100 mL of DI water to afford a colorlesssolution. The solution was treated with NaOH pellets (1.6 g) and themixture stirred vigorously. The pH was measured when all NaOH haddissolved and found to be 12.

In a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask the GC4444 solution and half (50 mL) of thesodium phenylglycinate solution (ca. 20 mmol/10 equiv) were combined.The resultant yellow-tan solution was vigorously stirred withdichloromethane (50 mL) for 15 min, and then transferred to a 250-mLseparatory funnel. The organic layer was separated and transferred backonto the separatory funnel. The dichloromethane solution was extractedwith the remaining aqueous sodium phenylglycinate (1-2 min shaking eachtime). The dichloromethane layer was dried over MgSO₄ for 15 min,filtered using a 20-50μ fritted funnel, and taken to dryness on a rotaryevaporator.

Methanol (25 mL) was added to the residual oily solid to yield a fainttan-yellow solution which was taken to dryness on the rotary evaporatorto yield a yellowish solid. This material was dried in vacuo at 35° C.for 24 h. The elemental analysis is consistent with the expected GC4716structure C₃₈H₅₃MnN₇O₄.H₂O. Anal Cal'd: C, 62.80%; H, 7.35%; N, 13.49%.Anal Found: C, 61.14%; H, 7.44%; N, 13.08.

6.5 g of yellowish powder was isolated giving a yield of 90% based onstarting GC4444. The material was analyzed by HPLC and gave purity of99%.

Example 16 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-racemic-phenylglycinato[(4aR,13aR,17aR,21aR)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,.[bis-(rac)-2-Phenylglycinato(GC4403)]. GC4717

GC4403 (3 g, 6.2 mmol) was added to 75 mL of DI water in a 125 mLErlenmeyer flask and stirred vigorously for 15-20 min to yield a lightorange solution. In a separate 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask, 18.76 g (124mmol) of racemic-phenylglycine was added with vigorous stirring to 125mL of DI water. To this solution was added solid 4.9 g of NaOH. Uponstirring vigorously for 10 min, a colorless solution resulted and the pHwas measured to be 12. In a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask the GC4403 solutionand 75 mL of the sodium racemic-phenylglycinate solution were combined.The light brown solution was stirred for 5 additional min. The solutionwas transferred to a 250-mL separatory funnel, and extracted withdichloromethane (75 mL, about 1-2 min shaking). The organic layer wasseparated and back-extracted with the remaining aqueous sodiumracemic-phenylglycinate. The dichloromethane layer was dried over MgSO₄for 15 min, filtered using a 20-50μ fritted funnel, and rendered dry(i.e., gum) using a rotavap. Methanol (25 mL) was used to co-evaporateresidual dichloromethane to yield a light orange solid. This materialwas dried in vacuo at 37° C. for 20 h. 5.42 g of yellowish solidmaterial was isolated affording a yield of 100% based on GC4403.Analysis of this material by HPLC showed a purity of 99.5%. Theelemental analysis is consistent with the expected GC4717 structureC₃₇H₅₁MnN₇O₄.H₂O. Anal Cal'd: C, 62.35%; H, 7.21%; N, 13.76%, and Mn,7.71%. Anal Found: C, 60.72%; H, 7.26%; Mn, 7.44%, N, 13.34%, andchlorine (as total halogen content), 364 ppm.

Example 17 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-n-Butyrato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,.[bis-n-Butyrato(GC4419)]. GC4713

GC4419 (5.0 g, 10.34 mmol) was added to a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flaskcontaining 100 mL of DI water. The mixture was stirred vigorously for15-20 min, then sonicated/warmed (using heat gun) for 10 min to yield atan, hazy solution which was then filtered to remove a trace amount ofinsolubles affording a clear solution. Separately, sodium butyrate (92g, 0.835 mol) was dissolved in 200 mL of DI water in a 500 mL Erlenmeyerflask. To the flask containing GC4419 solution was added 100 mL of thesodium butyrate solution. The tan solution was stirred for 5 additionalmin and then transferred to a 500-mL separatory funnel and extractedwith DCM (75 mL). The organic layer was transferred back into theseparatory funnel and back-extracted with the remaining aqueous sodiumbutyrate (100 mL). The DCM layer was dried over MgSO₄ for 15 min(w/stirring), filtered using a 20-50μ fritted funnel, and rendered dry(i.e., foam) using a rotary evaporator. Methanol (50 mL) was used todissolve the solid and then that solution taken to dryness on the rotaryevaporator affording a light yellow oil. This material was further driedin vacuo at 30° C. for 48 h to afford a tan solid (4.5 g for a 76% yieldbased on starting GC4419). HPLC analysis showed a purity of 99.6 area %.The elemental analysis is consistent with the expected GC4713 structureC₂₉H₄₉MnN₅O₄. Anal Cal'd: C, 59.37%; H, 8.42%; N, 11.94%, and Mn, 9.36%.Anal Found: C, 59.32%; H, 8.55%; Mn, 8.80%, N, 11.94%, and chlorine (astotal halogen content), 546 ppm.

Example 18 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-Benzoato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,.[bis-Benzoato(GC4419)]: GC4712

In a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 200 mL of DI water was added 10g of GC4419 with vigorous stirring. The resulting clear, light tansolution was filtered to remove trace levels of insolubles and thissolution was then added to 100 mL of an aqueous sodium benzoate (66 g)solution (ca. 458 mmol, 11 equiv) as a slow stream over 5 min. Agelatinous white solid separated towards the end of addition.Dichloromethane (100 mL) was added to the mixture with vigorous stirringdissolving all the solid material. The resulting two-phase mixture wasthen transferred to a separatory funnel. The organic layer wasseparated, dried over MgSO₄ (10 g), filtered, and rendered dry underreduced pressure on a rotary evaporator. Methanol was added to the flaskcontaining the residual oily solid and that solution was also taken todryness on the rotary evaporator to yield a pale yellow solid. Thismaterial was dried in vacuo at 30° C. for 40 h. and afforded 7.8 g (57%yield based on GC4419) of a light yellow-tan solid which was analyzed byHPLC and showed a purity of 99.6%. Elemental analysis was consistentwith the expected GC4712 structure for C₃₅H₄₅MnN₅O₄.0.5H₂O. Anal Calc'd:C, 63.34%; H, 6.99%; N, 10.55%; Mn, 8.28%. Anal Found: C, 63.07%; H,7.38%; N, 10.54%, Mn, 8.16%, and trace Cl (211 ppm).

Example 19 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-L-Lactato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,.[bis-L-Lactato(GC4419)]: GC4714

In a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL of DI water was added 5 g(10.34 mmol) of GC4419 with vigorous stirring. The resulting clear,light tan solution was filtered to remove trace levels of insolubles andto this solution was then added 125 mL of an aqueous sodium L-Lactate(23.4 g) solution as a slow stream over 5 min. The resulting tansolution was stirred for 5 additional min. and then transferred to a500-mL separatory funnel and extracted with DCM (75 mL). The organiclayer was transferred back onto the separatory funnel and back-extractedwith the remaining aqueous sodium (L)-lactate (125 mL). Thedichloromethane layer was dried over MgSO₄ for 15 min (w/stirring),filtered using a 20-50μ fritted funnel, and rendered dry (i.e., foam)using a rotavap. to remove the solvent. Methanol (50 mL) was then addedto the flask and used to co-evaporate residual DCM to yield a tan syrupusing the rotary evaporator. This material was further dried in vacuo at30° C. for 48 h to yield a tan solid.

The isolated tan amorphous solid was analyzed by HPLC and showed apurity of 99.7%. Elemental analysis is consistent with the expectedGC4714 structure C₂₇H₄₅MnN₅O₆.H₂O. Anal Calc'd: C, 53.28%; H, 7.78%; N,11.51%; Mn, 9.03%. Anal Found: C, 53.12%; H, 7.77%; N, 11.91%, Mn,9.06%, and Cl (0.87%).

Example 20 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-rac-Mandelato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,.[bis-rac-Mandelato(GC4419)]: GC4706

To a 500-mL Erlenmeyer was added 200 mL of DI water and 12.4 g of therac-Mandelic acid. After stirring this mixture for 5 min, a clear,colorless solution resulted. It was treated with 3.2 g of NaOH aspellets and the mixture stirred vigorously. The pH was measured when allNaOH had dissolved. The pH was 3.61 and was adjusted to low alkalineusing 5 wt % aqueous NaOH (resulting pH=9.67). A hazy solution of 5 g ofGC4419 in 100 mL of DI water was filtered (20-50p) and added in oneportion to ½ of the pH-adjusted aqueous solution of the sodium salt. Theprecipitated white sticky material was stirred for an additional 5 minand placed in a refrigerator at 2-8° C. overnight. The next morning, thesuspension was transferred into a 250-mL separatory funnel and 100 mL ofdichloromethane was used to rinse the Erlenmeyer flask with thesuspension and dichloromethane wash combined in the separatory funnel.The dichloromethane layer turned immediately light tan-yellow. Thelayers were separated and the dichloromethane layer extracted with thesecond half of aqueous sodium mandelate solution. After shakingvigorously and settling for 10 min. the dichloromethane layer was driedover MgSO₄ (10 g) filtered and the solvent removed. Methanol (50 mL) wasadded and the yellow solution evaporated to co-distill left overdichloromethane via the rotary evaporator. The resulting foam was driedin vacuo at 30° C. overnight. The isolated off-white powder (6.7 g, 91%yield) was analyzed by HPLC and showed a purity of 99.5%.

Elemental analysis is consistent with the expected GC4706 structure andshowed the following results: C, 61.64%; H, 7.04%; Mn, 7.16%; N, 9.30%,and Cl, 66 ppm (0.0066%). Delta (A) values from a 1/3-hydrated species:C, 0.52%; H, 0.04%; Mn, 0.07%; N, 0.08%, and Cl 0%.

Example 21 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-L-valinato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacyclo-heptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,.[bis-(L)-Valinato(GC4419)]: GC4746

GC4419 (3.0 g, 6.2 mmol) was added to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flaskcontaining 100 mL of DI water. The mixture was stirred vigorously for15-20 min to yield a light, brownish solution. In a separate flask wasprepared an aqueous solution of 58.6 g L-(+)-valine (0.5 mol) and NaOH(20 g, 0.5 mol) in 200 mL of DI water. The pH of this solution wasrecorded as 11.7 In a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask combined the GC4419solution and half of the sodium valinate solution together. Theresultant solution was stirred for 5 additional min and was transferredto a 0.5-L separatory funnel and extracted with 100 mL ofdichloromethane. The organic layer was separated, transferred back intoa separatory funnel and back-extracted with the remaining aqueous sodiumvalinate solution. The dichloromethane layer was separated and thesolvent removed using a rotavap. Methanol (50 mL) was used toco-evaporate residual dichloromethane to yield a light brown solid. Thismaterial was dried in vacuo at 40° C. for 20 h.

There was obtained 3.4 g of the isolated light gray solid correspondingto 83% yield based on GC4419. HPLC analysis showed a purity of 99.6% andthe elemental analysis showed 0.67% residual chloride expressed as totalhalogen content and consistent with the GC4746.0.5H₂O structure. AnalCalc'd: C, 56.87%; H, 8.77%; Mn, 8.39%; and N, 14.97%. Anal Found: C,57.22%; H, 8.70%; Mn, 7.88%; N, 14.12%, and Cl as total halogen contentof 0.67%.

Example 22 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-propionato[6R-Methyl(4aR,13aR,17aR,21aR)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,.[bis-propionato(GC4444)]: GC4747

GC4444 (1.6 g, 3.2 mmol) was added to a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flaskcontaining 50 mL of DI water. The mixture was stirred vigorously for15-20 min to yield a light yellow solution. In a separate flask wasprepared an aqueous solution of 6.15 g sodium propionate in 100 mL of DIwater. In a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask combined the GC4444 and sodiumpropionate solutions. The resultant solution was stirred for 15 min andwas transferred to a 0.25-L separatory funnel and extracted with 50 mLof dichloromethane. The organic layer was separated and the solventremoved using a rotavap. Methanol (25 mL) was used to co-evaporateresidual dichloromethane to yield a light brown solid. This material wasdried in vacuo at 40° C. for 24 h.

There was obtained 1.1 g of the isolated light tan solid correspondingto 60% yield based on GC4444. HPLC analysis showed a purity of 99.5% andthe elemental analysis showed 1.44% residual chloride expressed as totalhalogen content and consistent with the GC4747.0.5H₂O structure. AnalCalc'd: C, 57.82%; H, 8.32%; Mn, 9.45%; and N, 12.04%. Anal Found: C,58.19%; H, 8.50%; Mn, 9.39%; N, 12.36%, and Cl as total halogen contentof 1.44%.

Example 23 Synthesis of Manganese(II)bis-propionato[(4aR,13aR,17aR,21aR)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,.[bis-propionato(GC4403)]: GC4748

GC4403 (3.0 g, 6.2 mmol) was added to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flaskcontaining 75 mL of DI water. The mixture was stirred vigorously for15-20 min to yield a light, brownish solution. In a separate flask wasprepared an aqueous solution of 23.8 g sodium propionate in 75 mL of DIwater. In a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask combined the GC4403 solution and 40mL of the sodium propionate solution together. The resultant solutionwas stirred for 5 additional min and was transferred to a 0.5-Lseparatory funnel and extracted with 50 mL of dichloromethane. Theorganic layer was separated, transferred back into a separatory funneland back-extracted with remaining aqueous sodium propionate (35 mL). Thedichloromethane layer was separated and the solvent removed using arotavap. Methanol (25 mL) was used to co-evaporate residualdichloromethane to yield a light brown solid. This material was dried invacuo at 40° C. over the weekend.

There was obtained 2.7 g of the isolated light brown solid correspondingto 78% yield based on GC4403. HPLC analysis showed a purity of 97.3%(1.2% monoamine GC4520) and the elemental analysis showed 0.356%residual chloride expressed as total halogen content and consistent withthe GC4748 structure. Anal Calc'd: C, 58.05%; H, 8.12%; Mn, 9.83%; andN, 12.54%. Anal Found: C, 58.00%; H, 8.45%; Mn, 9.57%; N, 12.53%, and Clas total halogen content of 0.356%.

Example 24 Synthesis of Manganese(II)bis-pyruvato[(4aS,13aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dbenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,.[bis-pyruvato(GC4419)]: GC4749

Using a 500-mL Erlenmeyer, 150 mL of DI water was added to GC4419 (FW483.38, 5 g, 10.34 mmol) and stirred vigorously for 15-20 min todissolve. In a second Erlenmeyer, pyruvic acid (72.83 g, 0.827 mol) wasadded to 400 mL DI water. While stirring the suspension, NaOH was added(0.83 mol, 33.2 g) and stirring continued until a clear, colorlesssolution resulted. The pH of this solution was ca. 12. In a 500-mLErlenmeyer flask, the GC4419 solution and half of the sodium pyruvatesolution were combined. No solid separated and the tan mixture wasstirred for 5 additional min. The light tan-yellow solution wastransferred to a 1-L separatory funnel and extracted with DCM (100 mL,about 1-2 min shaking each time). The aqueous solution was colored lightpink-purple. The DCM layer was back-extracted with the remaining aqueoussodium pyruvate. The DCM layer was dried over MgSO₄ for 15 min(w/stirring), filtered using a 20-50μ fritted funnel, and may then berendered dry using a rotavap. MeOH (50 mL) may then be used toco-evaporate residual DCM to yield a solid. This material may be driedin vacuo at 30° C. for at least 20 h. The solid may be characterized byelemental analysis, MS and HPLC.

Example 25 Synthesis ofManganese(II)bis-L-alaninato[(4aS,13aS,17aS,21aS)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,12,13,13a,14,15,16,17,17a,18,19,20,21,21a-Eicosahydro-11,7-nitrilo-7H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacycloheptadecine-κN5, κN13, κN18, κN21, κN22]-,.[bis-L-alaninato(GC4419)]: GC4750

Using a 500-mL Erlenmeyer, 150 mL of DI water was added to GC4419 (FW483.38, 5 g, 10.34 mmol) and stirred vigorously for 15-20 min todissolve. In a second Erlenmeyer, L-(+)-alanine (73.7 g, 0.827 mol) wasadded to 400 mL DI water. While stirring the suspension, NaOH (0.83 mol,33.2 g) was added and stirring continued until a clear, colorlesssolution resulted. The pH of this solution was 12.1. In a 500-mLErlenmeyer flask, the GC4419 solution and half of the sodium alaninatesolution were combined. No solid separated and the tan mixture wasstirred for 5 additional min. The light tan-yellow solution wastransferred to a 1-L separatory funnel and extracted with DCM (100 mL,about 1-2 min shaking each time). The aqueous solution was colored lightpink-purple. The DCM layer was back-extracted with the remaining aqueoussodium alaninate. The DCM layer was dried over MgSO₄ for 15 min(w/stirring), filtered using a 20-50μ fritted funnel, and may then berendered dry using a rotavap. MeOH (50 mL) may be used to co-evaporateresidual DCM to yield a solid. This material may be dried in vacuo at30° C. for at least 20 h. The solid may be characterized by elementalanalysis, MS and HPLC.

Results

In the Table I below are summarized bioavailability data from id dosingof minipigs of various pure single base oil formulations with variousaxial ligand derivatives of various Mn(II) pentaaza macrocyclic ringcomplexes. In each example, the concentration of test article drugcompound was ten percent by weight of the total formulation.

TABLE I Mini-Pig Compound Utilized (axial ligand) Base Oil BioA GC4419(Chloro) Capmul MCM  9% GC4701 (Acetato of GC4419) Capmul MCM 15% GC4702(L-Phenylglycinato of Capmul MCM 43% GC4419) GC4720 (rac-Phenylglycinatoof Capmul MCM 33% GC4419) GC4718 (Phenylacetato of GC4419) Capmul MCM32% GC4719 (Phenylglyoxylato of Capmul MCM 25% GC4419) GC4704(L-Phenylalaninato of Capmul MCM 10% GC4419) GC4746 (L-Valinato ofGC4419) Capmul MCM 13% GC4705 (rac-2-Phenylpropionato of Capmul MCM 23%GC4419) GC4706 (rac-Mandelato of GC4419) Capmul MCM 28% GC4707(Cyclohexanebutyrato of Capmul MCM  9% GC4419) GC4711 (Propionato ofGC4419) Capmul MCM 27% GC4708 (Dodecanoato of GC4419) Capmul MCM 12%GC4709 (Pivaloato of GC4419) Capmul MCM 17% GC4710 (Octanoato of GC4419)Capmul MCM 13% GC4712 (Benzoato of GC4419) Capmul MCM 24% GC4714(L-Lactato of GC4419) Capmul MCM 36% GC4401 (Chloro) Capmul MCM 15%GC4715 (rac-Phenylglycinato of Capmul MCM 36% GC4401) GC4403 (Chloro)Capmul MCM  9% GC4717 (rac-Phenylglycinato of Capmul MCM 26% GC4403)GC4748 (Propionato of GC4403) Labrafil 22% M2125 CS GC4444 (Chloro)Capmul MCM 14% GC4716 (rac-Phenylglycinato of Capmul MCM 34% GC4444)GC4747 (Propionato of GC4444) Labrafil 20% M2125 CS GC4419 (Chloro)Peceol  9% GC4701 (Acetato of GC4419) Peceol 11% GC4702(L-Phenylglycinato of Peceol 29% GC4419) GC4705 (rac-2-phenylpropionatoof Peceol 24% GC4419) GC4719 (Phenylglyoxylato of Peceol 28% GC4419)GC4711 (Propionato of GC4419) Peceol 29% GC4712 (Benzoato of GC4419)Peceol 29% GC4713 (Butyrato of GC4419) Peceol 18% GC4419 (Chloro)Miglyol 812 N  8% GC4702 (L-Phenylglycinato of Miglyol 812 N 42% GC4419)GC4720 (rac-Phenylglycinato of Miglyol 812 N 32% GC4419) GC4419 (Chloro)Maisine 35-1  8% GC4701 (Acetato of GC4419) Maisine 35-1  8% GC4711(Propionato of GC4419) Maisine 35-1 29% GC4718 (Phenylacetato of Maisine35-1 28% GC4419) GC4719 (Phenylglyoxylato of Maisine 35-1 31% GC4419)GC4710 (Octanoato of GC4419) Maisine 35-1  8% GC4712 (Benzoato ofGC4419) Maisine 35-1 18% GC4419 (Chloro) Labrafil  7% M2125 CS GC4701(Acetato of GC4419) Labrafil 16% M2125 CS GC4711 (Propionato of GC4419)Labrafil 44% M2125 CS GC4710 (Octanoato of GC4419) Labrafil 21% M2125 CSGC4713 (Butyrato of GC4419) Labrafil 21% M2125 CS GC4709 (Pivaloato ofGC4419) Labrafil 22% M2125 CS GC4702 (L-Phenylglycinato Labrafil 25% ofGC4419) M2125 CS GC4711 (Propionato of Labrafil 23% GC4419) M1944 CS

In the following examples are shown plots of the plasma concentrationsof the parent Mn(II) pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex following eitherintraduodenal (id) or iv dosing of various test article derivativesversus time after dosing the test articles. These examples are selectedfrom the examples listed in the Table I (above). In all examples the %BioAvailability is based on a comparison of the plasma levels of testarticle drug obtained from comparison of the concentration valuesobtained from id dosing using the same pigs as utilized for the ivdosing used to calculate a 100% bioavailability AUC value.

In FIG. 1 are shown the profile plots of the plasma concentrations ofthe parent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4419(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration with test article drugs administered by either iv or iddelivery. The blood level of GC4419 following iv administration as a 1mg/kg body weight (mpk) dose is considered to be 100% bioavailable andthe plasma concentration following iv administration of an aqueousformulation of GC4419 is also shown. In this example, the intraduodenaladministration of a 10 mg/kg dose of 10% by weight formulations of 1)the bis-L-phenylglycine derivative of GC4419 (GC4702), 2) thebis-L-phenylalanine derivative of GC4419 (GC4704), and 3) thebis-racemic-phenylglycine derivative of GC4419 (GC4720) as their CapmulMCM formulations are compared to iv administration of a 1 mg/kg dose ofGC4419 itself.

In FIG. 2 are shown the profile plots of the plasma concentrations ofthe parent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4419(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs formulated in Peceol for iddelivery. The blood level of parent drug (in this case GC4419) followingiv administration as a 1 mg/kg body weight (mpk) dose is considered tobe 100% bioavailable and the plasma concentration following ivadministration of an aqueous formulation of GC4419 is also shown. Inthis example, the intraduodenal administration of a 10 mg/kg dose of 10%by weight formulations of 1) GC4419, 2) the bis-acetato derivative ofGC4419 (GC4701), 3) the bis-phenylglyoxylato derivative of GC4419(GC4719) and 4) the bis-racemic-2-phenylpropionato derivative of GC4419(GC4705) as their Peceol formulations are compared to iv administrationof GC4419 itself.

In FIG. 3 are shown the profile plots of the plasma concentrations ofthe parent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4419(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs formulated in Labrafil M2125 CS forid delivery. The blood level of parent drug (in this case GC4419)following iv administration as a 1 mg/kg body weight (mpk) dose isconsidered to be 100% bioavailable and the plasma concentrationfollowing iv administration of an aqueous formulation of GC4419 is alsoshown. In this figure, the intraduodenal administration of a 10 mg/kgdose of 10% by weight formulations of 1) GC4419, 2) the bis-acetatoderivative of GC4419 (GC4701), and 3) the bis-octanoato derivative ofGC4419 (GC4710) as their Labrafil M2125 CS formulations are compared toiv dosing of GC4419 itself in the same set of pigs.

In FIG. 4 are shown the profile plots of the plasma concentrations ofthe parent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4419(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs formulated in Labrafil M2125 CS forid delivery. The blood level of parent drug (in this case GC4419)following iv administration as a 1 mg/kg body weight (mpk) dose isconsidered to be 100% bioavailable and the plasma concentrationfollowing iv administration of an aqueous formulation of GC4419 is alsoshown. In this example, the intraduodenal administration of a 10 mg/kgdose of 10% by weight formulations of 1) the bis-pivaloato derivative ofGC4419 (GC4709), 2) the bis-propionato derivative of GC4419 (GC4711),and 3) the bis-butyrato derivative of GC4419 (GC4713) as their LabrafilM2125 CS formulations are compared to iv administration of GC4419 itselfin the same set of pigs.

In FIG. 5 are shown the profile plots of the plasma concentrations ofthe parent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4401(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs formulated in Capmul MCM for iddelivery. The blood level of parent drug (in this case GC4401) followingiv administration as a 1 mg/kg body weight (mpk) dose is considered tobe 100% bioavailable and the plasma concentration following ivadministration of an aqueous formulation of GC4401 is also shown. Inthis example, the intraduodenal administration of a 10 mg/kg dose of 10%by weight formulations of 1) GC4401 and 2) the bis-racemic-phenylglycinederivative of GC4401 (GC4715) as their Capmul MCM formulations arecompared to iv administration of GC4401 itself in the same set of pigs.

In FIG. 6 are shown the profile plots of the plasma concentrations ofthe parent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4444(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs formulated in Capmul MCM for iddelivery. The blood level of parent drug (in this case GC4444) followingiv administration as a 1 mg/kg body weight (mpk) dose is considered tobe 100% bioavailable and the plasma concentration following ivadministration of an aqueous formulation of GC4444 is also shown. Inthis example, the intraduodenal administration of a 10 mg/kg dose of 10%by weight formulations of 1) GC4444 and 2) the bis-racemic-phenylglycinederivative of GC4444 (GC4716) as their Capmul MCM formulations arecompared to iv administration of GC4444 itself in the same set of pigs.

In FIG. 7 are shown the profile plots of the plasma concentrations ofthe parent manganese pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4419(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs formulated in Capmul MCM for iddelivery. The blood level of parent drug (in this case GC4419) followingiv administration as a 1 mg/kg body weight (mpk) dose is considered tobe 100% bioavailable and the plasma concentration following ivadministration of an aqueous formulation of GC4419 is also shown. Inthis example, the intraduodenal administration of a 10 mg/kg dose of 10%by weight formulations of 1) GC4419, 2) the bis-acetato derivative ofGC4419 (GC4701), and 3) the bis-racemic-mandelato derivative of GC4419(GC4706) as their Capmul MCM formulations are compared to ivadministration of GC4419 itself in the same set of pigs.

In FIG. 8 are shown the profile plots of the plasma concentrations ofthe parent manganese pentaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4419(independent of the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma ofthe minipigs from blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs followingadministration of test article drugs formulated in Maisine 35-1 for iddelivery. The blood level of parent drug (in this case GC4419) followingiv administration as a 1 mg/kg body weight (mpk) dose is considered tobe 100% bioavailable and the plasma concentration following ivadministration of an aqueous formulation of GC4419 is also shown. Inthis example, the intraduodenal administration of a 10 mg/kg dose of 10%by weight formulations of 1) GC4419, 2) the bis-phenylacetato derivativeof GC4419 (GC4718), and 3) the bis-acetato derivative of GC4419 (GC4701)as their Maisine 35-1 formulations are compared to iv administration ofGC4419 itself in the same set of pigs.

In FIG. 9 are shown the profile plot of the plasma concentrations of theparent manganese pentaza macrocyclic ring complex of GC4403 (independentof the composition of the axial ligands) in the plasma of the minipigsfrom blood samples at time points up to 24 hrs following administrationof the bis-racemic-phenylglycinato-GC4403 for id delivery. The bloodlevel of parent drug (in this case GC4403) following iv administrationas a 1 mg/kg body weight (mpk) dose is considered to be 100%bioavailable and the plasma concentration following iv administration ofan aqueous formulation of GC4403 is also shown. In this example, theintraduodenal administration of a 10 mg/kg dose of 10% by weightformulation of the bis-racemic-phenylglycine derivative of GC4403(GC4717) as its 10% by weight slurry in Capmul MCM is compared to ivadministration of GC4403 itself in the same set of pigs.

The Examples cited above show that the axial ligands bonded to theMn(II) ion can exert a very profound and previously unpredicted effecton the ability of these complexes to penetrate the GI tract and becomeorally bioavailable. We have found that there exists a fairly narrowstructural subset of ligands that can give greatly enhancedgastrointestinal (GI) uptake and consequently greatly enhanced oralbioavailability. This subset of axial ligand structures providingenhanced oral bioavailability includes those shown in FIG. 10.

There are some notable structural features affecting bioavailability.First, a wide structural range of alkyl carboxylic acids were screenedfor oral bioavailability in various oils and it was observed that theyare not equally effective at affording high oral bioavailability. Infact, the propionato ligand (and related lactato ligand—a propionatoligand with OH substituted for H, and likely other ligands based on thepropionato ligand) affords much better bioavailability than any of theother carboxylato ligands; such as the one carbon atom shorter chain,acetato, or the longer chain carboxylato ligands such as butyrato oroctanoato. Second, there is a unique class of axial ligands which arederived from the Phenylacetic acid; i.e., the phenylacetato ligand.These derivatives are shown in FIG. 10. All of the complexes derivedfrom this phenylacetato class of ligands have greatly enhancedbioavailability compared to the parent dichloro complex or to otheralkyl carboxylato complexes, including the acetato or other highermolecular weight carboxylato ligand derived complexes. Third, one ofthese derivatives is based on the amino acid, Phenylglycine.

The racemic-phenylglycinato ligand enhances the bioavailability with allof the various pentaazamacrocyclic ligands tested showing that this isnot just an isolated effect with the parent manganese pentaazamacrocyclic ring complex of GC4419, but is generic to this family ofMn(II) complexes. Additionally, the L-Phenylglycinato derivative ofGC4419, GC4702, is actually much better absorbed than other amino acidligands such as L-phenylalaninato or the L-valininato complexes, or therac-phenylglycinato complex, GC4720. Further, this bioavailabilityenhancing property may be restricted to the phenylglycinato ligandderivatives (again a derivative of phenylacetic acid) as exemplified bythe very poor bioavailability of the complexes derived from theL-Phenylalanine congener or the L-valine congener, although it ispossible that other amino acid ligands, in particular the L-alaninecongener that falls within the class of propionato-based ligandsdescribed above, may also provide good bioavailability.

REFERENCES

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What is claimed is:
 1. A pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of Formula(I):

wherein M is a transition metal (e.g., Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺, Mn⁴⁺, Mn⁶⁺, Mn⁷⁺,Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Fe⁴⁺, Fe⁶⁺, Ni²⁺, Ni³⁺, Cu¹⁺, Cu²⁺, V²⁺, V³⁺, V⁴⁺, or V⁵⁺);R_(1A), R_(1B), R_(2A), R_(2B), R_(3A), R_(3B), R_(4A), R_(4B), R_(5A),R_(5B), R_(6A), R_(6B), R_(7A), R_(7B), R_(8A), R_(8B), R_(9A), R_(9B),R_(10A), and R_(10B) are independently: (i) hydrogen; (ii) a moietyindependently selected from the group consisting of alkenyl,alkenylcycloalkenyl, alkenylcycloalkyl, alkyl, alkylcycloalkenyl,alkylcycloalkyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, aryl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcycloalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, heterocyclyl,and aralkyl radicals and radicals attached to the α-carbon of aminoacids (i.e., α-amino acids); or (iii) a moiety independently selectedfrom the group consisting of —OR₁₁, —NR₁₁R₁₂, —COR₁₁, —CO₂R₁₁,—CONR₁₁R₁₂, —SR₁₁, —SOR₁₁, —SO₂R₁₁, —SO₂NR₁₁R₁₂, —N(OR₁₁)(R₁₂),—P(═O)(OR₁₁)(OR₁₂), —P(O)(OR₁₁)(R₁₂), —OP(═O)(OR₁₁)(OR₁₂), andsubstituents attached to the α-carbon of amino acids (i.e., α-aminoacids), wherein R₁₁ and R₁₂ are independently hydrogen or alkyl; (iv) amember of a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, partiallysaturated, or unsaturated cycle or heterocycle containing 3 to 20 carbonring atoms comprising (a) R_(1A) or R_(1B) and R_(2A) or R_(2B); R_(3A)or R_(3B) and R_(4A) or R_(4B); R_(5A) or R_(5B) and R_(6A) or R_(6B);R_(7A) or R_(7B) and R_(8A) or R_(8B); or R_(9A) or R_(9B) and R_(10A)or R_(10B) together with the carbon atoms to which they are respectivelyattached; (b) R_(10A) or R_(10B) and R_(1A) or R_(1B); R_(2A) or R_(2B)and R_(3A) or R_(3B); R_(4A) or R_(4B) and R_(5A) or R_(5B); R_(6A) orR_(6B) and R_(7A) or R_(7B); or R_(8A) or R_(8B) and R_(9A) or R_(9B)together with the carbon atoms to which they are respectively attached;or (c) R_(1A) and R_(1B); R_(2A) and R_(2B); R_(3A) and R_(3B); R_(4A)and R_(4B); R_(5A) and R_(5B); R_(6A) and R_(6B); R_(7A) and R_(7B);R_(8A) and R_(8B); R_(9A) and R_(9B); or R_(10A) and R_(10B) togetherwith the carbon atoms to which they are respectively attached; or (v) acombination of any of (i) through (iv) above; each X₁ is independentlysubstituted or unsubstituted phenyl or —C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄); each X₂ isindependently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, methyl, ethyl orpropyl; each X₃ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl,propyl, amino, —X₅C(═O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, ortogether with X₄ is (═O); each X₄ is independently hydrogen or togetherwith X₃ is (═O); and the bonds between the transition metal M and themacrocyclic nitrogen atoms and the bonds between the transition metal Mand the oxygen atoms of the axial ligands —OC(O)X₁ are coordinatecovalent bonds.
 2. A pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of Formula (IA):

wherein M is a transition metal (e.g., Mn²⁺, Mn³⁺, Mn⁴⁺, Mn⁶⁺, Mn⁷⁺,Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Fe⁴⁺, Fe⁶⁺, Ni²⁺, Ni³⁺, Cu¹⁺, Cu²⁺, V²⁺, V³⁺, V⁴⁺, or V⁵⁺);R_(1A), R_(1B), R₂, R₃, R_(4A), R_(4B), R₅, R₆, R_(7A), R_(7B), R₈, R₉,R_(10A), and R_(10B) are independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl,substituted hydrocarbyl, heterocyclyl, an amino acid side chain moiety,or a moiety independently selected from the group consisting of —OR₁₁,—NR₁₁R₁₂, —COR₁₁, —COO₂R₁₁, —C(═O)NR₁₁R₁₂, —SR₁₁, —SOR₁₁, —SO₂R₁₁,—SO₂NR₁₁R₁₂, —N(OR₁₁)(R₁₂), —P(═O)(OR₁₁)(OR₁₂), —P(═O)(O R₁₁)(R₁₂), and—OP(═O)(OR₁₁)(OR₁₂), wherein R₁₁ and R₁₂ are independently hydrogen oralkyl; U, together with the adjacent carbon atoms of the macrocycle,forms a fused substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, partiallysaturated or unsaturated, cycle or heterocycle having 3 to 20 ringcarbon atoms; V, together with the adjacent carbon atoms of themacrocycle, forms a fused substituted or unsubstituted, saturated,partially saturated or unsaturated, cycle or heterocycle having 3 to 20ring carbon atoms; W, together with the nitrogen of the macrocycle andthe carbon atoms of the macrocycle to which it is attached, forms anaromatic or alicyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, saturated,partially saturated or unsaturated nitrogen-containing fused heterocyclehaving 2 to 20 ring carbon atoms, provided that when W is a fusedaromatic heterocycle the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen which is bothpart of the heterocycle and the macrocycle and R₅ and R₆ attached to thecarbon atoms which are both part of the heterocycle and the macrocycleare absent; wherein each X₁ is independently substituted orunsubstituted phenyl or —C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄); each X₂ is independentlysubstituted or unsubstituted phenyl, methyl, ethyl or propyl; each X₃ isindependently hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, amino,—X₅C(═O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or togetherwith X₄ is (═O); each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃is (═O); and the bonds between the transition metal M and themacrocyclic nitrogen atoms and the bonds between the transition metal Mand the oxygen atoms of the axial ligands —OC(O)X₁ are coordinatecovalent bonds.
 3. A pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of Formula (IB):

wherein M is Fe⁺², Fe⁺³, Mn⁺², or Mn⁺³; R_(1A), R_(1B), R₂, R₃, R_(4A),R_(4B), R₅, R₆, R_(7A), R_(7B), R₈, R₉, R_(10A), and R_(10B) areindependently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl,heterocyclyl, an amino acid side chain moiety, or a moiety independentlyselected from the group consisting of —OR₁₁, —NR₁₁R₁₂, —COR₁₁, —CO₂R₁₁,—C(═O)NR_(11R)12, —SR₁₁, —SOR₁₁, —SO₂R₁₁, —SO₂NR₁₁R₁₂, —N(OR₁₁)(R₁₂),—P(═O)(OR₁₁)(OR₁₂), —P(═O)(O R₁₁)(R₁₂), and —OP(═O)(OR₁₁)(OR₁₂), whereinR₁₁ and R₁₂ are independently hydrogen or alkyl; W₁, W₂, and W₃ areindependently halo, hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, anether, a thioether, or nitro; each X₁ is independently substituted orunsubstituted phenyl or —C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄); each X₂ is independentlysubstituted or unsubstituted phenyl, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; each X₃is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, amino,—X₅C(═O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or togetherwith X₄ is (═O); each X₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃is (═O); and the bonds between the transition metal M and themacrocyclic nitrogen atoms and the bonds between the transition metal Mand the oxygen atoms of the axial ligands —OC(═O)X₁ are coordinatecovalent bonds.
 4. A pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex corresponding toFormulae (IC_(R)) or (IC_(S)):

wherein M is Fe⁺², Fe⁺³, Mn⁺², or Mn⁺³; R_(1A), R_(1B), R₂, R₃, R_(4A),R_(4B), R₅, R₆, R_(7A), R_(7B), R₈, R₉, R_(10A), and R_(10B) areindependently hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; W₁, W₂,and W₃ are independently halo or hydrogen; each X₁ is independentlysubstituted or unsubstituted phenyl or —C(—X₂)(—X₃)(—X₄); each X₂ isindependently substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, methyl, ethyl, orpropyl; each X₃ is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl,propyl, amino, —X₅C(═O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, ortogether with X₄ is (═O); each X₄ is independently hydrogen or togetherwith X₃ is (═O); and the bonds between the transition metal M and themacrocyclic nitrogen atoms and the bonds between the transition metal Mand the oxygen atoms of the axial ligands —OC(═O)X₁ are coordinatecovalent bonds.
 5. A pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex corresponding toFormulae (ID_(R)) or (ID_(S)):

wherein M is Mn⁺² or Mn⁺³; R_(1A), R_(1B), R₂, R₃, R_(4A), R_(4B), R₅,R₆, R_(7A), R_(7B), R₈, R₉, R_(10A), and R_(10B) are independentlyhydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; W₁, W₂, and W₃ are independentlyhalo or hydrogen; each X₁ is independently substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl or —C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄); each X₂ is independently substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; each X₃ is independentlyhydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, amino, —X₅C(═O)R₁₃ where X₅is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylor C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or together with X₄ is (═O); eachX₄ is independently hydrogen or together with X₃ is (═O); and the bondsbetween the manganese and the macrocyclic nitrogen atoms and the bondsbetween the manganese and the oxygen atoms of the axial ligands—OC(═O)X₁ are coordinate covalent bonds.
 6. A pentaaza macrocyclic ringcomplex corresponding to Formulae (IE_(R1)), (IE_(S1)), (IE_(R2)),(IE_(S2)), (IE_(R3)), or (IE_(S3)):

wherein Mn is Mn⁺² or Mn⁺³; each X₁ is independently substituted orunsubstituted phenyl or —C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄); each X₂ is independentlysubstituted or unsubstituted phenyl, methyl, ethyl, or propyl; each X₃is independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, amino,—X₅C(═O)R₁₃ where X₅ is NH or O, and R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ isC₁-C₁₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl, ortogether with X₄ is (═O); each X₄ is independently hydrogen or togetherwith X₃ is ═O; and the bonds between the manganese and the macrocyclicnitrogen atoms and the bonds between the manganese and the oxygen atomsof the axial ligands —OC(═O)X₁ are coordinate covalent bonds.
 7. Thepentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of any preceding claim wherein each X₁is phenyl.
 8. The pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of any precedingclaim wherein each X₁ is substituted phenyl.
 9. The pentaaza macrocyclicring complex of any preceding claim wherein each X₁ is —C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄).10. The pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of any preceding claim whereineach X₁ is —C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄) and each X₂ is independently substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, methyl, ethyl, or propyl.
 11. The pentaazamacrocylic ring complex of any preceding claim wherein each X₁ is—C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄), each X₂ is methyl, and each X₃ is hydrogen, hydroxyl,amino, or together with X₄ is (═O).
 12. The pentaaza macrocyclic ringcomplex of any preceding claim wherein each X₁ is —C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄), eachX₂ is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, and each X₃ is hydrogen,hydroxyl, methyl, amino, or together with X₄ is (═O).
 13. The pentaazamacrocyclic ring complex of any preceding claim wherein each X₁ is—C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄) and each X₃ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl,or amino, or together with X₄ is (═O).
 14. The pentaaza macrocyclic ringcomplex of any preceding claim wherein each X₁ is —C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄) andeach X₃ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or amino.
 15. Thepentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of any preceding claim wherein each X₁is —C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄), each X₂ is methyl or substituted or unsubstitutedphenyl and each X₃ and X₄ is hydrogen.
 16. The pentaaza macrocyclic ringcomplex of any of claims 1 to 14 wherein each X₁ is —C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄) andeach X₃ is amino.
 17. The pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of any ofclaims 1 to 14 and 16 wherein each X₁ is —C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄) and each X₃ is—NH₂.
 18. The pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of any of claims 1 to 13wherein each X₁ is —C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄) and each X₃ together with each X₄,respectively, is (═O).
 19. The pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of anypreceding claim, wherein each X₁ is —C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄) and each—C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄) corresponds to any of combinations 1 to 9 appearing inthe following table: Combination X₂ X₃ X₄ 1 Ph H H 2 Ph OH H 3 Ph NH₂ H4 Ph ═O (X₃ and X₄ in combination) 5 Ph CH₃ H 6 CH₃ H H 7 CH₃ OH H 8 CH₃NH₂ H 9 CH₃ ═O (X₃ and X₄ in combination)


20. The pentaaza macrocylic ring complex of claim 19, wherein X₂ is Ph,X₃ is H and H₄ is H.
 21. The pentaaza macrocylic ring complex of claim19, wherein X₂ is Ph, X₃ is OH and H₄ is H.
 22. The pentaaza macrocyclicring complex of claim 19, wherein X₂ is Ph, X₃ is NH₂ and H₄ is H. 23.The pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of claim 19, wherein X₂ is Ph, andX₃ and X₄ in combination are (═O).
 24. The pentaaza macrocyclic ringcomplex of claim 19, wherein X₂ is Ph, X₃ is CH₃ and H₄ is H.
 25. Thepentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of claim 19, wherein X₂ is CH₃, X₃ isH and H₄ is H.
 26. The pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of claim 19,wherein X₂ is CH₃, X₃ is OH and H₄ is H.
 27. The pentaaza macrocyclicring complex of claim 19, wherein X₂ is CH₃, X₃ is NH₂ and H₄ is H. 28.The pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of claim 19, wherein X₂ is CH₃,and X₃ and X₄ in combination are (═O).
 29. The pentaaza macrocyclic ringcomplex of any of claims 1 to 10 wherein each X₁ is —C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄) andX₃ is —X₅C(═O)R₁₃, and each —C(X₂)(X₃)(X₄) corresponds to any ofcombinations 1 to 4 appearing in the following table: Combination X₂ X₃X₄ 1 Ph NHC(═O)R₁₃ H 2 Ph OC(═O)R₁₃ H 3 CH₃ NHC(═O)R₁₃ H 4 CH₃ OC(═O)R₁₃H

where R₁₃ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈aralkyl, or —OR₁₄, where R₁₄ is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted aryl or C₁-C₁₈ aralkyl.
 30. A pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a pentaaza macrocyclic ring complex of any of the precedingclaims and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient suitable foradministration.
 31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 30 whereinthe pharmaceutical composition is suitable for oral administration to ahuman subject.
 32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 30 or 31,comprising at least one of a lipophilic surfactant and an oil.
 33. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 32, wherein the at least one of thelipophilic surfactant and the oil comprises at least one of mono- and/ordiglycerides of fatty acids, acetic, succinic, lactic, citric and/ortartaric esters of mono- and/or di-glycerides of fatty acids, propyleneglycol mono- and/or di-esters of fatty acids, polyglycerol esters offatty acids, castor oil ethoxylates, acid and ester ethoxylates formedby reacting ethylene oxide with fatty acids or glycerol esters of fattyacids, sorbitan esters of fatty acids, transesterification products ofnatural or hydrogenated vegetable oil triglyceride and a polyalkylenepolyol, alcohol ethyoxylates, and polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropyleneco-copolymers.
 34. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 33, whereinthe at least one of the lipophilic surfactant and the oil comprises atleast one of a mixture of mono/diglycerides of caprylic/capric acids, amixture of caprylic/capric acid triglycerides, linoleoyl polyoxyl-6glycerides (NF), oleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides (NF), glyceryl mono-oleate(NF), monoglyceride glyceryl monolinoleate (NF), and caprylocaproylpolyoxyl-8 glycerides (NF).
 35. The pharmaceutical composition of any ofclaims 30 to 34 wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in a solid orsemi-solid dosage form.
 36. The pharmaceutical composition of any ofclaims 30 to 34 wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in the form ofa tablets, gelatin capsules, gel or suspension suitable for oraladministration.
 37. The pharmaceutical composition of any of claims 30to 36 wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises an entericcoating layer.
 38. A method for dosing a subject with a pentaazamacrocyclic ring complex, the method comprising administering acomposition of any of claims 30 to 37 to a human subject.